Combined Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Diet on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Table 4

Changes in primary and secondary outcomes (study level).

Variable	Studies (#)	Participants (#)	ES (#)	𝑋 (95% CI)	𝑄(𝑃)	𝐼^2 (%)	95% PI
Primary outcomes
TC (mg/dL)	11	820	11	−12.6 (−20.1, −5.1)*	60.5 (<0.001)*	83.5	−38.8, 13.6
HDL-C (mg/dL)	11	820	11	−0.8 (−2.8, 1.2)	53.0 (<0.001)*	81.1	−21.3, 19.7
TC : HDL-C	6	383	6	−0.5 (−0.7, −0.3)*	9.1 (0.11)	45.0	−1.1, 0.1
LDL-C (mg/dL)	10	783	10	−6.8 (−11.8, −1.8)*	30.4 (<0.001)*	70.4	−22.6, 9.1
TG (mg/dL)	11	820	11	−10.6 (−18.8, −2.4)*	48.1 (<0.001)*	79.2	−35.4, 14.3
Secondary outcomes
Body weight (kg)	10	423	10	−4.3 (−6.6, −2.0)*	125.3 (<0.001)*	92.8	−12.7, 4.0
BMI (kg/m^2)	8	197	8	−1.4 (−1.7, −1.0)*	10.7 (0.2)	34.4	−2.2, −0.53*
VO2max(mL⋅kg^−1⋅min^−1)	5	182	5	3.6 (0.3, 7.0)*	121.4 (<0.001)*	96.7	−9.4, 16.6
Kilocalories (total)	6	389	6	−405 (−512, −298)*	7.3 (0.2)	32.0	−660, −150*
Carbohydrates (%)	5	240	5	2.8 (0.8, 4.7)*	88.1 (<0.001)*	95.5	−4.3, 9.9
Total fat (%)	7	343	7	−3.5 (−5.8, −1.1)*	284.7 (<0.001)*	97.9	−11.9, 4.9
Saturated fat (%)	4	160	4	−3.5 (−6.4, −0.5)*	245.8 (<0.001)*	98.8	−17.9, 11.0
Cholesterol (mg)	4	153	4	−127 (−153, −101)*	1.1 (0.8)	0	−185, −69*

Notes. ES, effect sizes; #, number for which data were available; 𝑋 (95% CI), mean and 95% confidence interval; 𝑄(𝑃), Cochran’s Q statistic for heterogeneity and alpha value; 𝐼² (%), percent inconsistency statistic; 95% PI, 95% prediction intervals for a new study; *, statistically significant; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC : HDL-C, TC : HDL-C ratio; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; BMI, body mass index; VO_2max, maximum oxygen consumption; %, percentage of total kilocalorie intake. To convert TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C from mg/dL to mmol, divide by 38.46; to convert TG from mg/dL to mmol, divide by 87.7.