Reference details; tool length; validation standard; reference period; sample size Infants and toddlers (birth-24 months) Pre-schoolers (2–5 years) Marriott et al. (2008) [19 ]; 34 items; 4 d WDR; 15 days;
Andersen et al. (2003) [21 ]; 18 items; 7 d WDR; 1-2 weeks;
Andersen et al. (2004) [20 ]; 7 d WDR; 15 items; 1-2 weeks;
Huybrechts et al. (2009) [27 ]; 47 items; 3 d EDR; 1 week;
Huybrechts et al. (2006) [28 ]; 47 items; 3 d EDR; 1 week;
Energy and nutrients Mean/median nutrient intakes All median intakes significant higher (
5), except sodium All median intakes significant higher (
), except Ca All median intakes significant higher (
), except protein, Carb, SFA, and Ca — Significantly lower mean Ca intake: 777 mg/d v 838 ± 305 mg/d; difference 61 ± 294 mg/d (
) Mean/median nutrient densities — No significant differences except for protein, SFA, MUFA, fibre, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron No significant differences except for protein, SFA, MUFA, fibre, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and iron — — Pearson’s correlation — — — —
, corrected for intravariability:
Spearman’s correlation (nutrients)
(range 0.39–0.86) energy-adjusted :
–0.89
(range 0.18–0.72) energy-adjusted :
(0.16–0.79)
(range 0.26–0.50) energy-adjusted
(range 0.46–0.66)— — Spearman’s correlation (foods) —
(range 0.28–0.83)
(range 0.26–0.69)
(range 0.23–0.62)corrected :
–0.75— Specificity — — — — 77% Sensitivity — — — — 62% Bland Altman, mean bias Mostly positive, all nutrients within range −12.5% to 12.5%, except vitamin B12 (−18.9%). Systematic increase in difference with increasing intake, except Ca Systematic increase in difference with increasing intake for most nutrients — Large differences, higher for greater mean intakes Bland Altman, limits of agreement — Large for all nutrients Large for all nutrients — — Cross classification; nutrients — Same quartile, 38% (range 22% fibre—56% SFA); opposite, 3% Same quartile, 36% (range 29% fat—44% vitamin A); opposite, 5% Energy-adjusted: same, 42%; opposite, 4% — Same quartile, 42%; within one, 83%; opposite, 2.4%; difference between quartiles
Foods Mean/median food group intakes — — — Mean differences within ±10% 6/13 food groups, 11–30% 6/13, >40% 1/13; median differences within ±10% 5/13 food groups, 11–20% 1/13, >20% 6/13; 100% for 1/13 — Wilcoxon signed rank test — Significantly higher intakes 11/17 food groups, NS differences 6/17 Significantly higher intakes 7/15 food groups, significantly lower intakes 3/1, NS difference for 5/15 Significantly different intake distribution for 6/13 (
) or 9/13 (
) food groups; higher 5/13, lower 4/13, NS difference 4/13 — Kappa statistic — — — <0.20 4/13 food groups, 0.20–0.40 0.38 (95% CI 0.34, 0.42) Bland Altman, mean bias — — — Increasing bias with increasing intakes for “many foods” (
not reported) — Cross classification; foods — — — Same = NR, within one = 67%–88%, opposite <10% (2% fruit, fruit juices, and milk products—9% meat products) —
