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Author, year
Duration | Primary aim | Control group | Active Intervention 1 | Active Intervention 2 |
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| Self-management |
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Clark et al., 2004 [20]
6 months | Goal-setting for diet and physical activity using motivational interviewing | Usual care/no intervention | (i) 30 min in-person session at baseline to set goals/address barriers
(ii) 10 min in-person session at 3 and 6 mo to problem-solve and set additional goals
(iii) Telephone contacts at 1, 3, and 7 wks | (i) Not applicable |
|
Plotnikoff et al., 2011 [23]
12 months | Goal-setting for physical activity and/or diet using social-cognitive teaching | Not applicable | (i) Standard Diabetes Education Program (DEP) from local health authority
(ii) Goal: increase physical activity to meet Canadian Diabetes Association recommendations
(iii) Social-cognitive approach
(iv) 8 group sessions over 4 wks (12 hrs) on self-care
(v) Follow-up group sessions at 3, 6, and 12 mo
(vi) Telephone support by diabetes educator | (i) DEP + 8-week physical activity supplement
(ii) Certified personal trainer
(a) Individualized counseling and prescription tailored to fitness level and stage of change and grounded in Social Cognitive Theory
(iii) Free 2 mo membership to a community recreational facility or “at-home” program
(a) Personal trainer facilitated
(iv) Telephone support by trainer |
|
| Dietary |
|
Zazpe et al., 2008 [30]
Razquin et al., 2010 [24]
Razquin et al., 2009 [25]
36 months | Mediterranean diet | Leaflet + single meeting with dietician on American Heart Association dietary recommendations | (i) Mediterranean diet with emphasis on virgin olive oil
(ii) Quarterly individual sessions with dietician with motivational interviewing
(iii) Group educational sessions
(iv) Free access to study center dietician
(v) Free olive oil | (i) Same as Active Intervention 1 but with free provision of mixed nuts instead of olive oil |
|
Abraira et al., 1980 [16]
24 months | Change diet | Not applicable | Standard diabetic diet
(i) Three meals + bedtime snack
(ii) Strict avoidance of refined sugars
(iii) Allowed consumption of starches
(iv) Avoidance of saturated fat
(v) No exchange system
(vi) No caloric goal
(vii) No specific carbohydrate distribution
(viii) Quarterly visits with dietician | American Diabetes Association diet
(i) Three meals + bedtime snack
(ii) Moderate restriction of refined sugars and carbohydrates
(iii) Daily meal pattern planned and distributed through a food exchange
(iv) Daily caloric goal
(v) Specific carbohydrate distribution
(vi) Quarterly visits with dietician |
|
| Physical activity |
|
Yates et al., 2010 [29]
6 months | Increase physical activity through walking | Mailing on impaired glucose tolerance and physical activity | (i) 180 min group session at baseline-information on impaired glucose tolerance; counseling on exercise, self-efficacy beliefs, barriers to walking, and self-regulatory strategies
(ii) 10 min review of progress in-person at 3 and 6 mo
(iii) Steps per day goal and pedometer | (i) Same as Active Intervention 1 but no pedometer given |
|
Anderssen et al., 1995 [17]
Torjesen et al., 1997 [18]
12 months | Increase peak VO2 through endurance exercise | Usual care/no intervention | (i) Supervised exercise sessions: 60 min three times per week
(ii) Goal: improve peak VO2-target 60–80% of peak heart rate | (i) Not applicable |
|
| Combination |
|
Samaras et al., 1997 [26]
6 months | Increase physical activity | Usual care/no intervention | Self-management
(i) Monthly in-person session: education; coping skills; improving confidence, self-esteem, decision-making, and goal-setting
(a) Hand-outs, videos, activity meters, log books for goal-setting, and review of progress
Physical Activity
(i) Monthly in-person aerobic exercise session with exercise physiologist
(ii) Goal: 50 percent of peak VO2 by perceived exertion
(iii) Exercise sessions after 6 mo intervention period | (i) Not applicable |
|
Gram et al., 2010 [21]
4 months | Increase physical activity | Written advice on exercise | Self-management
(i) In-person interviews at 0, 8, 16, and 24 wks for goal-setting and tailored advice
Physical activity
(i) In-person supervised exercise sessions (45 min)
(ii) Focus on strength training and aerobic exercise
(iii) Access to exercise equipment
(iv) Goal: >40% of peak VO2 by perceived exertion
(v) Encouraged activity outside of training sessions
(vi) Information on physical training in neighborhood at end of intervention period | Self-management component
(i) Same as Active Intervention 1
Physical activity component
(i) Same as Active Intervention 1 except Nordic walking
(ii) Received walking sticks with individualized stick length |
|
Babazono et al., 2007 [19]
12 months | Increase fruits, vegetables, and physical activity | Received result of health exam; leaflet about exercise; and having 3 conventional health center visits without additional services | Self-management
(i) Received results of health exam
(ii) 5 in-person sessions at health center to set personal diet and physical activity goals, problem solve, and receive advice
(iii) 3 health center visits + 2 home visits
Diet
(i) Increase fruits/vegetables; decrease salt, oil, sugar, and alcohol; and increase time for meals, eat more slowly
Physical activity
(i) Challenge cards to increase activity | (i) Not applicable |
|
Stefanick et al., 1998 [27]
9–11 months | Follow NCEP diet and/or increase aerobic exercise* | Usual care/no intervention: asked to maintain usual diet and exercise | Diet
(i) Follow NCEP step 2 diet
(ii) 12-week adoption phase: one counseling session and 8 one-hour group lessons
(iii) Maintenance: monthly contact with dietician by mail, telephone, or in-person individual or group meetings | Physical activity
(i) Aerobic exercise
(ii) 6-week adoption phase: single private meeting with exercise staff; in-person, supervised, one-hour exercise session 3 times per week
(iii) Maintenance phase: 10 miles of walking/jogging each week; monthly group session; optional continued supervised exercise sessions; optional home activities |
|
Kumanyika et al., 2005 [22]
36–48 months | Consume <1800 mg of sodium/day | Usual care/no intervention | Self-management
(i) Intensive phase: initial individual counseling session and 10 weekly group sessions
(ii) Transitional phase
(a) 4 monthly group sessions + as needed
(b) Individual in-person, telephone, and mail contacts as needed
(c) Relapse prevention techniques; feedback on urine sodium; self-monitoring; counselor and peer support
Diet
(i) Consume <1800 mg Na+/day
(ii) No change in other dietary intake | (i) Not applicable |
|
Toobert, 2011 [28]
24 months | Mediterranean diet; exercise; smoking cessation; stress management | Usual diabetes care + one free Kaiser-Permanente class targeting goals of the active intervention | Culturally adapted for Latinas
(i) 2.5-day retreat
(a) Catered Mediterranean meals; physical activity; stress management; support groups; smoking cessation
(ii) In-person meetings
(a) Weekly for 6 mo, biweekly for mo 6–12, monthly for mo 12–18, and every other mo for mo 18–24
(b) Mediterranean meal potluck; physical activity; stress management; support groups; family nights
Self-management
(i) Stress-management techniques for at least 60 minutes/day
(a) Group support for 60 minutes/each meeting
(b) Mini-units on goal-setting, social support, problem solving, negative thoughts, and barriers
(ii) Smoking cessation
Mediterranean diet
(i) Catered events, potlucks, and demonstrations
Exercise
(i) 30 min moderate aerobic activity most days
(ii) 10 strength-training exercises two times per wk | (i) Not applicable |
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