Maternal Weight Gain in Pregnancy and Risk of Obesity among Offspring: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Summary of the association between maternal GWG and offspring body weight outcomes.

Study	Child age	Child BMI -score; Beta coefficient	Child OW/OB status; ARR or AOR
Total GWG^#
Oken et al. 2007 [25]	3	0.06 (0.05, 0.07)	OW: 1.23 (1.16, 1.30)
Branum et al. 2011 [33]	4	Within-family: −0.03 (−0.08, 0.02); Between-family: 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04)
Ensenauer et al. 2013 [34]	5.8		OW: 1.04 (1.02, 1.05)
Magerison-Zilko et al. 2012 [39]	5	0.02 (0.01, 0.03)	OW: 1.04 (1.02, 1.07)
Andersen et al. 2011 [32]^a	7	0.04 (0.03, 0.06)
Wrotniak et al. 2008 [47]	7		OW: 1.03 (1.01, 1.05)
Schack-Nielsen et al. 2010 [44]	1–14	0.01 to 0.03 (NA)
Oken et al. 2008 [41]	9–14	0.006 (0.005, 0.007)	OW: 1.05 (1.04, 1.05); OB: 1.08 (1.07, 1.08)
Net GWG
Olson et al. 2009 [42, 50]	3		OW: 1.001 (NS); OB: 1.010 (NS)
Oken et al. 2007 [25]	3	0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
Ehrenthal et al. 2013 [48]	4	0.012 (0.006, 0.017)
Rate of GWG
Magerison-Zilko et al. 2012 [39]^b	5		OW: Early: 1.05 (1.02, 1.09); Mid: 1.03 (0.98, 1.08); Late: 1.03 (0.98, 1.08)
Andersen et al. 2011 [32]^c	7	Early: 0.05 (0.03, 0.07); Mid: 0.06 (0.04, 0.08); Late: 0.016 (−0.002, 0.03)
Fraser et al. 2010 [23]^d,e	9	Early/low rate: 0.17 (−0.20, 0.53); Early/medium rate: 0.33 (0.11, 0.55); Early/high rate: 0.62 (0.24, 1.01)	OW: Early/low rate: 1.06 (0.77, 1.47); Early/medium rate: 1.14 (0.92, 1.42); Early/high rate: 1.57 (1.13, 2.18)
		Mid/low rate: −0.54 (2.06, 0.99); Mid/medium rate: 0.39 (−0.07, 0.84); Mid/high rate: 0.62 (0.26, 0.99)	Mid/low rate: 1.05 (0.28, 4.00); Mid/medium rate: 0.98 (0.62, 1.54); Mid/high rate: 2.00 (1.43, 2.79)
		Late/low rate: 0.091 (−0.35, 0.53); Late/medium rate: −0.031 (−0.48, 0.42); Late/high rate: 0.17 (−0.13, 0.46)	Late/low rate: 0.88 (0.57, 1.36); Late/medium rate: 1.02 (0.64, 1.61); Late/high rate: 1.06 (0.81, 1.39)
Excessive GW
Branum et al. 2011 [33]	4	Within-family: 0.01 (−0.13, 0.14); Between-family: 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10)
Ehrenthal et al. 2013 [48]	4	0.051 (−0.039, 0.140)
Ensenauer et al. 2013 [34]	5.8		OW: 1.57 (1.30, 1.91)
Wrotniak et al. 2008 [47]	7		OW: 1.40 (1.00, 1.95)
Fraser et al. 2010 [23]	9	0.64 (0.55, 0.94)
Magerison Zilko et al. 2010 [31]	2–20		OW: 1.27 (1.10, 1.48)
Oken et al. 2008 [41]	9–14	0.14 (0.09, 0.18)	OW: 1.27 (1.12, 1.44); OB: 1.42 (1.19, 1.70)
Rooney et al. 2011 [43]	9–14		OB: 1.73 (1.06, 2.80)
Inadequate GWG
Branum et al. 2011 [33]	4	Within-family: 0.08 (0.00, 0.16); Between-family: 0.04 (−0.02, 0.10)
Ehrenthal et al. 2013 [48]	4	−0.190 (−0.319, −0.062)
Ensenauer et al. 2013 [34]	5.8		OW: 1.20 (0.91, 1.57)
Wrotniak et al. 2008 [47]	7		OW: 0.93 (0.72, 1.21)
Fraser et al. 2010 [23]	9	−0.21 (−0.40, −0.03)
Magerison Zilko et al. 2010 [31]	2–20		OW: 0.90 (NS)
Oken et al. 2008 [41]	9–14	−0.06 (−0.10, −0.01)	OW: 0.97 (1.19, 1.70); OB: 0.91 (0.74, 1.13)
Rooney et al. 2011 [43]	9–14		OB: 0.77 (0.45, 1.34)

log transformed value.
^bRate of GWG expressed as change in kilograms per trimester. Early: 1st trimester, mid: 2nd trimester, and late: 3rd trimester.
^cRate of GWG expressed as change in grams per week. Early: until interview 1 (12–20 weeks of gestation), mid: between interview 1 and interview 2 (25–32 weeks of gestation), and late: between interview 2 and delivery.
^dRate of GWG expressed as change in grams per week. Early: 0–14 weeks of gestation, mid: >14–35 weeks of gestation, and late: >36 weeks of gestation; low rate: ≤0 g in 0–14 weeks of gestation, ≤250 g per week in other GWG periods, medium rate: 0–500 g in 0–14 weeks of gestation, 250–500 g in other GWG periods, and high rate: >500 g for all GWG period.
^eBMI (kg/m²) was used as the outcome.
Only studies that used total GWG as continuous variables and presented full sample analyses are included.
Only studies that used adequate GWG as the referent group are included.
ARR = adjusted relative risk, AOR = adjusted odd ratio, GWG = gestational weight gain, NA = not available, NS = not significant, OW = overweight, and OB = obesity.