Maternal Weight Gain in Pregnancy and Risk of Obesity among Offspring: A Systematic Review

Table 4

Summary of the association between maternal GWG and offspring’s body weight outcomes stratified by maternal prepregnancy BMI.

Study	Child age	Child BMI -score, B coefficient (95% CI)				Child OW/OB status, AOR/ARR (95% CI)
		UW	NW	OW	OB	UW	NW	OW	OB
Total GWG
Oken et al. 2007 [25]	3		0.02 (0.02, 0.06)	0.03 (0.02, 0.04)
Hinkle et al. 2012 [36]	5	−0.06 (−0.16, 0.03)	0.02 (0.00, 0.04)	0.02 (−0.01, 0.06)	0.00 (−0.04, 0.03)
Ensenauer et al. 2013 [34]	5.8					1.03 (0.90, 1.16)	1.04 (1.02, 1.07)	1.01 (0.98, 1.04)	1.04 (1.01, 1.07)
Wrotniak et al. 2008 [47]	7						1.07 (0.99, 1.15)	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)
Magerison Zilko et al. 2010 [31]	2–20					1.02 (0.99, 1.05)	1.03 (1.02, 1.04)	1.02 (1.00, 1.04)	1.02 (1.00, 1.04)
Net GWG
Lawlor et al. 2011 [37]^a	18		Within-family: 0.01 (−0.02, 0.02); Between-family: 0.07 (0.06, 0.07)	Within-family: 0.06; (0.01, 0.02); Between-family: 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
Rate of GWG
Oken et al. 2009 [40]^b	3						1.16 (0.88, 1.51)	1.35 (1.01, 1.81)	1.22 (0.96, 1.56)
Excessive GWG
Ensenauer et al. 2013 [34]	5.8					1.50 (0.36, 6.39)	1.29 (1.01, 1.66)	1.64 (1.06, 2.63)	1.17 (0.70, 2.01)
Wrotniak et al. 2008 [47]	7						3.26 (0.95, 11.16)	1.48 (1.05, 2.08)
Inadequate GWG
Ensenauer et al. 2013 [34]	5.8					1.74 (0.30, 8.97)	1.02 (0.71, 1.43)	2.52 (1.28, 4.91)	0.63 (0.30, 1.30)
Wrotniak et al. 2008 [47]	7						0.55 (0.22, 1.21)	0.95 (0.73, 1.24)

BMI (kg/m²) was used as the outcome.
^bRate of GWG expressed as change per 0.1 kg per week.
GWG = gestational weight gain, UW = underweight, NW = normal weight, OW = overweight, OB = obesity, 95%, and CI = 95% confidence interval.