Review Article
Impact of Weight Regain on Metabolic Disease Risk: A Review of Human Trials
Table 1
Effect of weight loss and weight maintenance interventions on body weight and metabolic disease risk.
| | Reference | Subjects | Interventions | Length | Weight
loss % | Weight regain % | Body composition | Lipids | Blood pressure | Glucose | Insulin | | Weeks | FM | FFM | VFM | WC | Total | LDL | HDL | TAG | Systolic | Diastolic |
| | Studies reporting no weight regain* | |
Claessens et al., 2009 [17] | = 14 MF | Wt loss: 50% CR | 5 | ↓ 9% | — | ↓ 18% | ↓ 3% | — | ↓ 9% | ↓ 16% | ↓ 21% | ↓ 9% | ↓ 19% | ↓ 6% | ↓ 6% | ↓ 7% | ↓ 24% | | 45 ± 2 y | Wt maint: Ad libitum-HP | 12 | — | | ↓ 6% | ↑ 2% | | ↓ 2% | ↑ 14% | ↑ 14% | ↑ 20% | ↓ 5% | ↓ 4% | ↓ 3% | ↑ 8% | | | Obese | Wt maint: Ad libitum | 12 | — | | | ↑ 2% | | | ↑ 18% | ↑ 17% | ↑ 17% | | | | | | |
Straznicky et al., 2011 [18] | = 8 MF | Wt loss: 25% CR | 12 | ↓ 7% | — | — | — | — | ↓ 7% | — | — | | ↓ 33% | ↓ 8% | | | — | | 54 ± 2 y | Wt maint: 100% needs | 16 | — | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Soenen et al., 2013
[19] | = 36 MF | Wt loss: 33% CR | 6 | ↓ 7% | — | ↓ 13% | | — | — | ↓ 15% | ↓ 16% | | ↓ 18% | ↓ 9% | ↓ 6% | | ↓ 6% | | 44 ± 4 y | Wt maint: 100% needs-HP | 17 | — | | ↓ 7% | ↑ 1% | | | | | | | | | | | | Obese | Wt maint: 100% needs | 17 | — | | ↓ 6% | ↑ 1% | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Studies reporting weight regain* | |
Crujeiras et al., 2014 [20] | = 61 MF | Wt loss: 50% CR | 8 | ↓ 6% | — | — | — | — | ↓ 5% | — | — | — | — | — | — | ↓ 5% | ↓ 31% | | 42 ± 1 y | Wt maint: Not specified | 24 | — | ↑ 2% | | | | ↑ 2% | | | | | | | ↑ 8% | ↑ 33% | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Wang et al., 2012 [21] | = 125 M | Wt loss: 60% CR | 8 | ↓ 12% | — | ↓ 25% | — | — | — | ↓ 17% | — | — | ↓ 27% | ↓ 8% | ↓ 11% | ↓ 6% | — | | 43 ± 6 y | Wt maint: Not specified | 24 | — | ↑ 2% | | | | | ↑ 23% | | | ↑ 27% | ↑ 6% | ↑ 5% | ↑ 2% | | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Lien et al., 2009 [22] | = 27 MF | Wt loss: 30% CR | 24 | ↓ 6% | — | ↓ 11% | ↓ 2% | ↓ 22% | — | | | | | — | — | — | ↓ 18% | | 51 y | Wt maint: Behavioral | 24 | — | ↑ 2% | ↑ 7% | | | | | | | | | | | | | Obese | therapy + low salt diet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Linna et al., 2007 [23] | = 68 M | Wt loss: 60% CR | 8 | ↓ 14% | — | ↓ 30% | — | — | ↓ 14% | ↓ 21% | — | | ↓ 28% | | ↓ 9% | ↓ 10% | — | | 43 ± 5 y | Wt maint: Not specified | 104 | — | ↑ 2% | ↑ 10% | | | ↑ 3% | ↑ 22% | | ↑ 16% | | ↑ 3% | ↑ 8% | ↑ 6% | | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sumithran et al., 2011 [26] | = 34 MF | Wt loss: 50% CR | 10 | ↓ 14% | — | — | — | — | ↓ 11% | — | — | — | — | ↓ 10% | ↓ 11% | — | — | | 56 ± 11 y | Wt maint: Not specified | 52 | — | ↑ 4% | | | | ↑ 4% | | | | | ↑ 2% | ↑ 6% | | | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Delbridge et al., 2009 [27] | = 141 MF | Wt loss: 50% CR | 12 | ↓ 15% | — | — | — | — | ↓ 8% | ↓ 12% | | | ↓ 45% | ↓ 10% | ↓ 10% | — | — | | 44 ± 1 y | Wt maint: Ad libitum-HP | 52 | — | ↑ 4% | | | | | ↑ 9% | | ↑ 14% | ↑ 19% | ↑ 4% | ↑ 5% | | | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Matsuo et al., 2010
[28] | = 54 F | Wt loss: 30% CR | 14 | ↓ 13% | — | ↓ 29% | ↓ 3% | ↓ 29% | — | ↓ 13% | ↓ 14% | | ↓ 47% | ↓ 10% | ↓ 12% | ↓ 8% | — | | 56 ± 5 y | Wt maint: Not specified | 104 | — | ↑ 4% | ↑ 13% | | | | ↑ 14% | ↑ 14% | ↑ 9% | ↑ 44% | ↑ 10% | ↑ 9% | | | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Márquez-Quiñones et al., 2010 [24] | = 38 MF | Wt loss: 25% CR | 8 | ↓ 10% | — | — | — | — | ↓ 8% | ↓ 10% | ↓ 15% | ↓ 8% | | ↓ 7% | | ↓ 6% | ↓ 30% | | 42 ± 1 y | Wt maint: Not specified | 24 | — | ↑ 5% | | | | ↑ 4% | ↑ 8% | ↑ 12% | ↑ 20% | | ↑ 6% | | ↑ 4% | ↑ 8% | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Thomas et al., 2010
[25] | = 67 MF | Wt loss: 25% CR | 20—24 | ↓ 7% | — | — | — | ↓ 26% | ↓ 8% | ↓ 11% | ↓ 12% | ↓ 2% | ↓ 13% | ↓ 6% | ↓ 5% | ↓ 3% | ↓25% | | 40 ± 1 y | Wt maint: Not specified | 20—24 | — | ↑ 6% | | | ↑ 23% | ↑ 4% | ↑ 12% | ↑ 13% | ↑ 5% | | ↑ 3% | | | ↑ 20% | | Obese | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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*studies ordered by ascending degree of weight regain.
: no significant change, CR: calorie restriction, F: female, FFM: fat free mass, FM: fat mass, HP: high protein diet, M: male, TAG: triglycerides, WC: waist circumference, VFM: visceral fat mass by MRI or CT.
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