Abdominal Adiposity Distribution in Diabetic/Prediabetic and Nondiabetic Populations: A Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics and moderators of studies included in the meta-analysis investigating visceral adiposity distribution among diabetic/prediabetic versus nondiabetic populations.

First Author (reference)	Year	Type of health condition		Sample size (nondiabetic/diabetic)	Proportion of men, % (nondiabetic/diabetic)	Mean age, years (nondiabetic/diabetic)	Mean BMI, kg/m^2 (nondiabetic/diabetic)	Adiposity assessment (method)	Characteristics of participants	Effect size (95% confidence interval)
		Diabetic/prediabetic	Nondiabetic
Gaborit [33]	2012	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	17/13	—^a	37/48	41.9/41.9	MRI^b	Obese	4.72; (3.33, 6.12)
Baum [34]	2012	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	13/13	0/0	57/59	27.4/26.8	CT^c	Postmenopausal women	0.44; (−0.34, 1.22)
Hoyer [35]	2011	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	386/103	51/54	51.2/57.9	23.8/25.3	CT	Japanese-American (Japanese ancestry)	0.73; (0.50, 0.95)
Hanley [36]	2011	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	1014/82	39/39	40.6/51.1	28.4/33.3	CT	Hispanic and African American	1.12; (0.89, 1.35)
Bozzetto [37]	2011	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	10/13	100/100	47/53	34.2/33.2	MRI	Obese men	0.30; (−0.53, 1.13)
Kim [38]	2010	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	21/38	100/100	28.6/29.2	24.8/26.8	CT	Young men	1.44; (−0.85, 2.03)
Goel [39]	2010	Nondiabetes with metabolic syndrome (impaired fasting glucose)	Nondiabetes without metabolic syndrome	65/35	60/37	29.1/36.1	21.5/27.5	MRI	Asian Indians	0.94; (0.51, 1.37)
Ye [40]	2009	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	86/28	100/100	53.6/57.6	24.2/26.9	MRI	Chinese men	0.57; (0.13, 1.00)
Ye [40]	2009	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	141/35	0/0	52.2/56.3	24.2/27.9	MRI	Chinese women	0.95; (0.56, 1.33)
Shin [41]	2009	Insulin resistance (impaired fasting glucose)	Noninsulin resistant	49/45	35/62	46/48.7	23.1/25.1	CT	Koreans	0.92; (0.50, 1.35)
Rijzewijk [42]	2008	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	28/38	100/100	54/57	26.9/28.1	MRI	Elderly	0.80; (0.30, 1.31)
Kanda [43]	2007	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Without metabolic syndrome	147/111	100/100	63.6/58.1	21.3/27.3	CT	Japanese men	1.88; (1.59, 2.18)
Kanda [43]	2007	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Without metabolic syndrome	94/67	0/0	61.2/60.4	22.6/27.2	CT	Japanese women	2.00; (1.62, 2.38)
Dekker [44]	2007	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	8/8	100/100	47.5/51	24.5/29.9	MRI	Middle-aged men	1.89; (0.71, 3.07)
Azuma [45]	2007	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	35/67	43/42	55/60	32.9/34.0	CT	Elderly	0.18; (−0.23, 0.59)
Suwa [46]	2006	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	7/24	0/0	47.6/51	24.1/26.1	CT	Japanese women	1.30; (0.39, 2.20)
Kuk [47]	2006	Metabolic syndrome (impaired fasting glucose)	Nonmetabolic syndrome	71/14	100/100	50.3/54.4	26.3/30.7	CT	Caucasian men	1.36; (0.75, 1.97)
Kanaya [48]	2006	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	2213/143	47/48	74/73	26.7/29.8	CT	Elderly Caucasian and African American	0.56; (0.39, 0.73)
Iwasaki [49]	2006	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	108/140	48/46	54.1/61.1	26.1/25.1	CT	Japanese	0.10; (−0.15, 0.35)
Virtanen [50]	2005	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	10/19	100/100	37/58	30.9/29.5	MRI	Obese men	−0.12; (−0.89, 0.64)
Virtanen [50]	2005	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	20/12	100/100	37/58	24.5/25.5	MRI	Nonobese men	0.53; (−0.20, 1.26)
Lee [51]	2005	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	10/9	100/100	47.5/51	24.5/29.9	CT	Middle-aged men	2.39; (1.21, 3.57)
Diamant [52]	2005	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	16/16	75/75	54/54	24.4/25.9	MRI	Men and postmenopausal women	1.04; (0.30, 1.78)
Kanaya [53]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL	Nondiabetes (normal glucose tolerance)	298/298	100/100	73.5/73.7^d	26.7/28.5	CT	Elderly Caucasian and African American men	0.48; (0.32, 0.64)
Kanaya [53]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL	Nondiabetes (normal glucose tolerance)	221/221	0/0	73.5/73.7^d	27.5/30.8	CT	Elderly Caucasian and African American women	0.97; (0.77, 1.16)
Gastaldelli [54]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose <9 mM	Nondiabetes	8/7	—	49/53	31.6/34.3	MRI	Obese Caucasians and Mexican-American	0.72; (−0.33, 1.77)
Gastaldelli [54]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose <9 mM	Nondiabetes	8/9	—	41/56	24.4/26.8	MRI	Nonobese Caucasians and Mexican-American	0.60; (−0.38, 1.57)
Gastaldelli [54]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose >9 mM	Nondiabetes	21/14	—	49/54	31.6/33.9	MRI	Obese Caucasians and Mexican-American	2.15; (1.31, 2.99)
Gastaldelli [54]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with fasting plasma glucose >9 mM	Nondiabetes	21/14	—	41/52	24.4/26.5	MRI	Nonobese Caucasians and Mexican-American	1.99; (1.17, 2.81)
Anjana [55]	2004	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	82/82	46/46	45/45	24.0/26.1	CT	Asian Indians	0.43; (0.12, 0.74)
Ryan [56]	2003	Prediabetes (impaired glucose tolerance)	Nondiabetes	100/17	0/0	46.5/56.1	26.5/34.0	CT	Caucasian and African American women	1.25; (0.71, 1.79)
Kelley [57]	2003	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	15/83	—	45.7/51.5	33.7/34.0	CT	Obese	1.18; (0.61, 1.76)
Katsuki [58]	2003	Metabolically obese, normal weight individuals with normal glucose tolerance	Nondiabetes	20/20	95/95	33.1/34.3	21.0/23.5	CT	Japanese	3.18; (2.25, 4.11)
Hayashi [59]	2003	Impaired glucose tolerance	Normal glucose tolerance	71/57	52/54	39.9/39.1	23.2/23.7	CT	Japanese-American (3rd generation)	0.41; (0.06, 0.77)
Goodpaster [60]	2003	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Normal glucose tolerance	815/397	100/100	73.7/73.9	26.5/28.1	CT	Elderly men	0.39; (0.27, 0.51)
Goodpaster [60]	2003	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Normal glucose tolerance	823/329	0/0	73.4/73.5	26.7/30.0	CT	Elderly women	0.80; (0.67, 0.93)
Summers [61]	2002	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	6/6	50/50	55/56	24/29	MRT	Adults	0.73; (−0.44, 1.90)
Hernández-Ono [62]	2002	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	39/9	0/0	55.7/56.2	27.6/27.5	CT	Postmenopausal women	0.02; (−0.70, 0.75)
Liao [63]	2001	Impaired glucose tolerance	Normal glucose tolerance	307/77	51/45	49.4/60.3	23.6/24.3	CT	Japanese-American (Japanese ancestry, 2nd or 3rd generation)	0.44; (0.19, 0.70)
Liao [63]	2001	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Normal glucose tolerance	307/212	51/45	55.1/60.3	24.5/24.3	CT	Japanese-American (Japanese ancestry, 2nd or 3rd generation)	0.50; (0.33, 0.68)
Boyko [64]	2000	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	211/65	50/62	61.1/63.3	24.1/24.9	CT	Japanese-American (2nd generation)	0.40; (0.12, 0.68)
Boyko [64]	2000	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	192/13	51/77	40.0/43.1	23.7/27.7	CT	Japanese-American (3rd generation)	1.64; (1.06, 2.23)
Nam [65]	1999	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	12/12	100/100	41.6/45.0	—	CT	Obese men	0.07; (−0.73, 0.88)
Mcneely [66]	1999	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	212/23	100/100	51.3/55.9	25.1/26.8	CT	Japanese-American men	0.70; (0.27, 1.14)
Mcneely [66]	1999	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	158/17	0/0	51.0/60.3	22.6/23.5	CT	Japanese-American women	0.45; (−0.06, 0.95)
Dvorak [67]	1999	Metabolically obese, normal weight	Nondiabetes	58/13	0/0	28/29	21.5/22.5	CT	Young normal weight women	0.62; (0.01, 1.23)
Vauhkonen [68]	1998	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin sensitivity	Nondiabetes	5/5	100/100	40.1/41.3^d	25.0/24.6^d	CT	Men	0.49; (−0.77, 1.75)
Vauhkonen [68]	1998	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin sensitivity	Nondiabetes	9/15	0/0	40.1/41.3^d	25.0/24.6^d	CT	Women	−0.36; (−1.19, 0.48)
Vauhkonen [68]	1998	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance	Nondiabetes	5/7	100/100	40.1/40.5^d	25.0/28.8^d	CT	Men	1.17; (−0.07, 2.40)
Vauhkonen [68]	1998	Type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin resistance	Nondiabetes	9/11	0/0	40.1/40.5^d	25.0/28.8^d	CT	Women	0.09; (−0.80, 0.97)
Fujimoto [69]	1994	Impaired glucose tolerance	Normal glucose tolerance	93/22	100/100	39.6/40.2	24.5/26.8	CT	Japanese-American men (3rd generation)	0.85; (−0.37, 1.32)
Fujimoto [69]	1994	Impaired glucose tolerance	Normal glucose tolerance	79/36	0/0	40.8/39.8	22.5/23.3	CT	Japanese-American women (3rd generation)	0.65; (0.25, 1.05)
Lemieux [70]	1992	Altered insulin-glucose homeostasis	Normal insulin-glucose homeostasis	65/39	100/100	33.5/35.5	25.7/28.3	CT	French ancestry men	1.07; (0.65, 1.49)
Gray [71]	1991	Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Nondiabetes	12/24	0/0	37/57	35.4/38.6	MRI	Obese women	0.93; (0.21, 1.66)

Data not available.
^bMagnetic resonance imaging.
^cComputed tomography.
^dData combined with men and women within the same study.