The Influence of Gender and Self-Efficacy on Healthy Eating in a Low-Income Urban Population Affected by Structural Changes to the Food Environment
Table 4
Health indicators and eating behaviors of survey participants by race/ethnicity, Los Angeles County, 2011.a
White (referent) (%)
Latino
Black
Asian/PI
(%)
Crude odds ratio COR (95% CI)
Adjusted odds ratio AOR (95% CI)
(%)
Crude odds ratio COR (95% CI)
Adjusted odds ratio AOR (95% CI)
(%)
Crude odds ratio COR (95% CI)
Adjusted odds ratio AOR (95% CI)
Total
77 (11)
241 (36)
287 (42)
72 (11)
Health indicators
BMI (measured)b
Overweight and obese
40 (52)
190 (79)
3.45 (2.00, 5.93)***
3.93 (2.24, 6.91)***
197 (69)
2.03 (1.21, 3.38)**
2.08 (1.22, 3.54)**
36 (50)
0.93 (0.49, 1.76)
0.95 (0.49, 1.85)
Blood pressure, mm Hg (measured)c
Normal
41 (53)
122 (50)
0.90 (0.54, 1.51)
0.86 (0.50, 1.48)
129 (45)
0.71 (0.43, 1.18)
0.71 (0.41, 1.21)
45 (63)
1.46 (0.76, 2.82)
1.5 (0.74, 3.09)
Prehypertension or hypertension (stage 1 or 2)
36 (47)
119 (49)
1.11 (0.66, 1.86)
1.17 (0.67, 2.02)
159 (55)
1.40 (0.85, 2.32)
1.42 (0.82, 2.43)
27 (38)
0.68 (0.36, 1.32)
0.66 (0.32, 1.34)
Smoking (self-report)
Current tobacco user
28 (36)
42 (17)
0.37 (0.21, 0.65)**
0.39 (0.22, 0.70)**
104 (36)
0.99 (0.59, 1.67)
1.18 (0.69, 2.02)
13 (18)
0.39 (0.18, 0.82)*
0.44 (0.20, 0.96)*
Exposed to second-hand smoked
54 (74)
138 (72)
0.90 (0.49, 1.66)
0.92 (0.50, 1.70)
205 (79)
1.36 (0.74, 2.49)
1.42 (0.77, 2.49)
49 (75)
1.08 (0.50, 2.33)
1.11 (0.52, 2.41)
Chronic diseases/conditions (self-report)
Diagnosed with diabetes and/or were on diabetes medication(s)
5 (6)
17 (7)
1.09 (0.39, 3.07)
1.05 (0.36, 3.01)
23 (8)
1.25 (0.46, 3.40)
1.03 (0.37, 2.90)
6 (8)
1.31 (0.38, 4.49)
1.26 (0.35, 4.51)
Self-reported eating behaviors
Fruit and vegetable consumption
Consumed fruits and/or vegetables 4+ per day
17 (22)
59 (25)
1.15 (0.62, 2.13)
1.10 (0.59, 2.05)
77 (27)
1.29 (0.71, 2.34)
1.19 (0.65, 2.17)
16 (22)
1.01 (0.47, 2.19)
0.93 (0.42, 2.02)
Reported drinking the following two or more times per day
Carbonated beverages (regular soda)
12 (16)
31 (13)
0.80 (0.39, 1.65)
0.81 (0.40, 1.68)
44 (15)
0.99 (0.49, 1.98)
1.09 (0.54, 2.21)
4 (6)
0.32 (0.10, 1.04)
0.35 (0.11, 1.14)
100% fruit juice
15 (19)
52 (22)
1.14 (0.60, 2.17)
1.13 (0.59, 2.15)
82 (28)
1.65 (0.89, 3.06)
1.68 (0.90, 3.14)
11 (15)
0.75 (0.32, 1.75)
0.75 (0.32, 1.76)
Other sugar-sweetened beverages
15 (20)
29 (12)
0.57 (0.29, 1.23)
0.57 (0.29, 1.14)
39 (14)
0.65 (0.34, 1.25)
0.65 (0.34, 1.27)
8 (11)
0.52 (0.21, 1.31)
0.53 (0.21, 1.35)
Reported low confidence in sticking to low-fat foods when
Feeling depressed, bored, or tense
41 (54)
111 (47)
0.75 (0.45, 1.26)
0.72 (0.43, 1.22)
149 (52)
0.92 (0.56, 1.53)
0.88 (0.53, 1.48)
35 (49)
0.81 (0.42, 1.54)
0.78 (0.41, 1.49)
High-fat foods are readily available at a party
49 (64)
151 (63)
0.97 (0.57, 1.65)
0.95 (0.55, 1.62)
163 (57)
0.76 (0.45, 1.27)
0.75 (0.44, 1.28)
48 (68)
1.19 (0.60, 2.35)
1.25 (0.63, 2.49)
Dining with friends or coworkers
40 (52)
131 (55)
1.14 (0.68, 1.91)
1.15 (0.68, 1.94)
146 (52)
0.99 (0.60, 1.63)
1.03 (0.62, 1.71)
46 (66)
1.77 (0.91, 3.45)
1.87 (0.95, 3.66)
Portion size control—reported low confidence in
Cutting down the food eaten in each meal
22 (29)
78 (33)
1.20 (0.68, 2.11)
1.27 (0.71, 2.25)
114 (40)
1.62 (0.93, 2.80)
1.83 (1.04, 3.22)*
27 (38)
1.51 (0.76, 3.00)
1.66 (0.82, 3.36)
Reading serving size information on labels
24 (31)
103 (43)
1.67 (0.97, 2.89)
1.80 (1.03, 3.14)*
126 (44)
1.74 (1.02, 2.97)*
1.93 (1.11, 3.33)*
34 (47)
1.98 (1.01, 3.85)*
2.23 (1.13, 4.41)*
Data collection was carried out at five designated public health centers during the survey period, February–April 2011. Percentage and number of cases may not add up to 100% or to the total due to rounding and missing information. Models were stratified by race/ethnicity and adjusted for age and gender.
bBased on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for body mass index (BMI) calculations: BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2); BMI classifications = BMI ≤ 24.9 (normal or nonobese), BMI 25.0–29.9 (overweight), BMI ≥ 30.0 (obese).
cBased on classifications [11] normal blood pressure (systolic < 120 mm Hg and diastolic < 80 mm Hg); prehypertension (systolic 120–139 mm Hg or diastolic 80–89 mm Hg); hypertension (stage 1, systolic 140–159 mm Hg or diastolic 90–99 mm Hg, and stage 2, systolic > 160 mm Hg or diastolic > 100 mm Hg).
dExposed “within the past 7 days.” , , .
