Green Space and Child Weight Status: Does Outcome Measurement Matter? Evidence from an Australian Longitudinal Study
Table 3
The influence of green space on children’s waist-to-height ratio.
Boys ()
Girls ()
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Fixed effects
Age
−4.32 (−6.38, −2.26)
−4.19 (−6.25, −2.14)
−3.50 (−5.82, −1.18)
3.71 (1.59, 5.84)
3.69 (1.57, 5.82)
4.66 (2.23, 7.08)
Age2
0.48 (0.25, 0.70)
0.47 (0.25, 0.70)
0.41 (0.15, 0.66)
−0.47 (−0.71, −0.24)
−0.47 (−0.71, −0.24)
−0.58 (−0.85, −0.31)
Age3
−0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)
−0.02 (−0.03, −0.01)
−0.01 (−0.02, −0.01)
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
0.02 (0.01, 0.03)
Green space 0–5%
Green space 6–10%
−0.31 (−1.05, 0.43)
0.97 (−0.18, 2.12)
1.80 (0.54, 3.07)
−0.11 (−0.83, 0.62)
0.41 (−0.76, 1.58)
0.05 (−1.09, 1.19)
Green space 11–20%
−0.32 (−0.98, 0.33)
1.02 (0.00, 2.04)
1.22 (0.10, 2.34)
−0.38 (−1.02, 0.26)
−0.34 (−1.38, 0.70)
0.14 (−1.15, 1.43)
Green space 21–30%
−0.67 (−1.44, 0.10)
1.19 (−0.02, 2.40)
1.36 (0.05, 2.67)
−0.15 (−0.89, 0.59)
−0.02 (−1.22, 1.17)
0.07 (−1.45, 1.60)
Green space 31–40%
−0.29 (−1.16, 0.57)
0.21 (−1.12, 1.54)
0.55 (−0.88, 1.99)
−0.08 (−0.93, 0.78)
0.01 (−1.39, 1.40)
−1.20 (−2.62, 0.22)
Green space >40%
−0.82 (−1.65, 0.01)
−0.46 (−1.75, 0.83)
−0.42 (−1.85, 1.01)
−0.32 (−1.13, 0.49)
−1.10 (−2.41, 0.20)
0.05 (−1.09, 1.19)
Green space
0.4089
0.0497
0.0096
0.867
0.3198
0.2404
Green space 0–5% × age
Green space 6–10% × age
−0.14 (−0.24, −0.04)
−0.21 (−0.33, −0.10)
−0.06 (−0.16, 0.04)
−0.08 (−0.20, 0.03)
Green space 11–20% × age
−0.15 (−0.23, −0.06)
−0.17 (−0.27, −0.07)
0.00 (−0.10, 0.09)
−0.02 (−0.13, 0.08)
Green space 21–30% × age
−0.21 (−0.31, −0.10)
−0.20 (−0.32, −0.09)
−0.01 (−0.12, 0.09)
0.00 (−0.12, 0.11)
Green space 31–40% × age
−0.06 (−0.17, 0.06)
−0.10 (−0.22, 0.03)
−0.01 (−0.13, 0.11)
0.01 (−0.13, 0.15)
Green space >40% × age
−0.04 (−0.15, 0.07)
−0.04 (−0.16, 0.09)
0.09 (−0.03, 0.20)
0.11 (−0.02, 0.25)
Green space × age
0.0004
0.0003
0.275
0.1082
Combined weekly income (thousands)
−0.12 (−0.19, −0.05)
−0.05 (−0.13, 0.03)
Child indigenous status
1.83 (0.59, 3.06)
1.67 (0.46, 2.89)
Maternal years education
−0.07 (−0.14, 0.01)
−0.18 (−0.25, −0.11)
LOTE
0.98 (0.39, 1.57)
−0.28 (−0.88, 0.32)
Random effects
Area
1.62 (0.91, 2.88)
1.62 (0.91, 2.88)
1.35 (0.68, 2.68)
1.02 (0.44, 2.34)
1.02 (0.44, 2.34)
0.57 (0.15, 2.14)
Individual
17.84 (16.50, 19.30)
17.87 (16.52, 19.32)
16.52 (15.15, 18.01)
17.71 (16.35, 19.19)
17.72 (16.35, 19.20)
15.72 (14.39, 17.17)
Residual
8.99 (8.68, 9.32)
8.96 (8.64, 9.29)
8.66 (8.30, 9.03)
9.12 (8.79, 9.46)
9.11 (8.78, 9.45)
8.87 (8.50, 9.26)
Note. LOTE = language other than English; age2 = age squared; age3 = age cubed. Model 1 – influence of green space and age on waist-to-height ratio; model 2 – model 1 + green space × age interaction; model 3 – model 2 + socioeconomic controls. = ; = ; = . Overall variable values from Wald tests.
