Prenatal Stress due to a Natural Disaster Predicts Adiposity in Childhood: The Iowa Flood Study
Table 2
Summary of hierarchical linear regression analyses for body mass index (BMI). Significant effects are indicated in bold.
Predictor variables
Values at entry into the model
Final model
Δ
Sig.
Unstand. coeff. ()
Stand. coeff. ()
Sig.
Age 2.5
(Constant)
−2.19
0.10
Sex
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.23
0.63
−0.01
−0.01
0.96
Birth weight
0.05
0.05
2.53
4.81
0.03
0.00
0.23
0.03
Fetal risk factors
0.07
0.02
2.24
1.63
0.20
−0.39
−0.33
0.01
Maternal BMI
0.13
0.06
3.32
6.19
0.01
0.05
0.30
0.03
Smoking
0.13
0.01
2.76
0.58
0.45
0.06
0.09
0.41
Breastfeeding dur.
0.14
0.00
2.38
0.52
0.47
0.00
−0.01
0.96
Household SES
0.14
0.00
2.08
0.41
0.52
−0.01
−0.08
0.45
Mat. gen. depr.
0.14
0.00
1.80
0.00
0.96
0.00
−0.02
0.86
Mat. life events
0.15
0.00
1.65
0.50
0.48
−0.04
−0.08
0.50
Exposure timing
0.15
0.01
1.53
0.57
0.45
0.00
−0.07
0.49
Obj. hardship
0.15
0.00
1.38
0.03
0.87
−0.08
−0.07
0.56
Subj. distress
0.17
0.01
1.38
1.37
0.25
0.13
0.14
0.25
Age 4
(Constant)
−3.24
0.04
Sex
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.81
0.01
0.01
0.96
Birth weight
0.03
0.03
0.95
1.84
0.18
0.00
0.16
0.16
Fetal risk factors
0.09
0.06
2.10
4.30
0.04
−0.10
−0.07
0.56
Maternal BMI
0.30
0.21
6.76
18.95
<0.01
0.11
0.67
<0.01
Smoking
0.30
0.00
5.32
0.00
0.99
−0.02
−0.02
0.90
Breastfeeding dur.
0.31
0.01
4.50
0.60
0.44
0.03
0.19
0.14
Household SES
0.31
0.00
3.84
0.19
0.66
0.00
−0.02
0.85
Mat. gen. depr.
0.31
0.00
3.31
0.03
0.86
0.00
0.03
0.83
Mat. life events
0.32
0.01
2.96
0.45
0.50
−0.04
−0.07
0.57
Exposure timing
0.36
0.04
3.17
3.74
0.06
0.00
−0.17
0.13
Obj. hardship
0.39
0.02
3.13
2.15
0.15
−0.29
−0.22
0.07
Subj. distress
0.41
0.03
3.17
2.55
0.12
0.20
0.19
0.12
Difference
(Constant)
0.13
0.92
Sex
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.90
0.07
0.04
0.74
Birth weight
0.01
0.01
0.26
0.50
0.48
0.00
0.01
0.93
Fetal risk factors
0.13
0.12
3.18
8.97
<0.01
0.26
0.25
0.09
Maternal BMI
0.14
0.01
2.62
0.92
0.34
0.02
0.14
0.37
Smoking
0.20
0.06
3.06
4.28
0.04
0.29
0.23
0.08
Breastfeeding dur.
0.20
0.00
2.56
0.25
0.62
0.01
0.10
0.49
Household SES
0.20
0.00
2.16
0.04
0.84
0.00
0.00
0.98
Mat. gen. depr.
0.21
0.01
1.97
0.66
0.42
−0.01
−0.12
0.37
Mat. life events
0.21
0.00
1.73
0.06
0.80
0.03
0.06
0.69
Exposure timing
0.27
0.06
2.09
4.42
0.04
0.00
−0.27
0.03
Objective hardship
0.28
0.01
1.94
0.58
0.45
0.11
0.11
0.41
Subjective distress
0.28
0.00
1.76
0.17
0.68
−0.05
−0.06
0.68
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; Breastfeeding dur.: breastfeeding duration (months); SES: socioeconomic status; Mat.: maternal; Gen. depr.: general depression.
