Effects of a Meal Replacement on Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters among Subjects with Overweight or Obesity
Table 2
Characteristics of body composition before and after interventiona.
Intervention group ()
Mean percent reduction (%)
for trendb
c
Control group ()
Mean percent reduction (%)
for trendb
c
d
Time 1
Time 2
Time 3
Time 4
Time 1
Time 2
Time 3
Time 4
BW (kg)
Male
89.9 ± 12.5
88.3 ± 11.8
87.6 ± 12.2
85.9 ± 12.4
−4.5 ± 3.4
<0.001
<0.001
89.2 ± 10.2
90.1 ± 10.0
90.0 ± 9.8
89.6 ± 9.9
0.2 ± 3.1
0.013
0.353
0.149
Female
73.3 ± 7.9
72.6 ± 8.3
71.6 ± 7.3
70.1 ± 8.4
−4.2 ± 3.2
<0.001
<0.001
73.4 ± 8.5
74.1 ± 9.0
73.9 ± 9.5
72.9 ± 9.0
−0.6 ± 2.9
<0.001
0.145
0.101
Total
81.0 ± 13.2
79.8 ± 12.8
78.9 ± 12.7
77.5 ± 13.0
−4.3 ± 3.3
<0.001
<0.001
80.1 ± 12.1
80.9 ± 12.3
80.7 ± 12.4
80.0 ± 12.5
−0.3 ± 3.0
<0.001
0.698
0.137
BMI (kg/m2)
Male
29.8 ± 3.1
29.3 ± 2.9
29.1 ± 3.1
28.5 ± 3.2
−4.5 ± 3.4
<0.001
<0.001
30.1 ± 2.6
30.4 ± 2.5
30.4 ± 2.4
30.3 ± 2.5
0.2 ± 3.1
0.012
0.117
0.013
Female
28.9 ± 3.2
28.6 ± 3.3
28.2 ± 3.2
27.7 ± 3.3
−4.2 ± 3.2
<0.001
<0.001
28.7 ± 3.0
29.0 ± 3.1
28.9 ± 3.3
28.5 ± 3.2
−0.6 ± 2.9
<0.001
0.134
0.150
Total
29.3 ± 3.2
28.9 ± 3.1
28.6 ± 3.2
28.1 ± 3.3
−4.3 ± 3.3
<0.001
<0.001
29.3 ± 2.9
29.6 ± 3.0
29.5 ± 3.0
29.3 ± 3.0
−0.3 ± 3.0
<0.001
0.576
0.009
WC (cm)
Male
102.3 ± 7.4
100.2 ± 7.0
99.1 ± 6.6
97.4 ± 6.8
−4.7 ± 3.7
<0.001
<0.001
102.8 ± 7.2
103.1 ± 7.0
103.0 ± 7.0
103.5 ± 7.2
0.7 ± 2.8
0.392
0.487
<0.001
Female
93.1 ± 7.5
92.1 ± 8.4
90.7 ± 8.6
89.5 ± 8.9
−3.9 ± 5.0
<0.001
<0.001
93.1 ± 7.7
93.3 ± 6.9
92.9 ± 7.7
93.6 ± 7.0
0.7 ± 3.1
0.409
0.186
0.014
Total
97.5 ± 8.8
96.0 ± 8.7
94.7 ± 8.7
93.0 ± 8.9
−4.3 ± 4.4
<0.001
<0.001
97.3 ± 8.9
97.5 ± 8.4
97.2 ± 8.9
97.9 ± 8.6
0.7 ± 2.9
0.134
0.042
0.001
WHtR
Male
0.97 ± 0.06
0.97 ± 0.06
0.97 ± 0.07
0.97 ± 0.06
−0.3 ± 3.0
0.361
0.600
0.96 ± 0.06
0.98 ± 0.06
0.98 ± 0.06
0.99 ± 0.09
3.6 ± 6.1
0.006
0.010
0.203
Female
0.93 ± 0.05
0.94 ± 0.05
0.94 ± 0.05
0.95 ± 0.06
2.5 ± 3.1
<0.001
<0.001
0.92 ± 0.05
0.95 ± 0.05
0.95 ± 0.06
0.97 ± 0.05
4.1 ± 2.7
<0.001
<0.001
0.618
Total
0.95 ± 0.06
0.96 ± 0.06
0.95 ± 0.06
0.96 ± 0.06
1.3 ± 3.3
0.002
0.002
0.94 ± 0.06
0.96 ± 0.06
0.96 ± 0.06
0.98 ± 0.07
3.9 ± 4.5
<0.001
<0.001
0.507
FFM (kg)
Male
62.2 ± 6.8
61.1 ± 6.4
60.7 ± 6.6
60.9 ± 6.3
−2.0 ± 2.2
<0.001
<0.001
60.5 ± 6.3
60.6 ± 6.8
60.0 ± 6.9
60.7 ± 7.2
0.3 ± 4.0
0.225
0.560
0.987
Female
44.2 ± 4.3
43.2 ± 4.3
43.1 ± 4.1
43.4 ± 4.4
−1.7 ± 3.4
<0.001
<0.001
44.2 ± 4.2
43.9 ± 4.6
43.8 ± 4.6
43.8 ± 4.6
−0.8 ± 2.9
0.050
0.078
0.551
Total
52.5 ± 10.6
51.5 ± 10.4
51.2 ± 10.3
51.5 ± 10.3
−1.8 ± 2.9
<0.001
<0.001
51.0 ± 9.6
50.9 ± 10.0
50.6 ± 9.8
51.0 ± 10.2
−0.3 ± 3.4
0.085
0.650
0.940
BFM (kg)
Male
27.7 ± 6.8
27.2 ± 6.5
26.0 ± 7.4
25.7 ± 7.1
−7.7 ± 9.1
<0.001
<0.001
28.7 ± 6.8
29.5 ± 6.5
28.7 ± 6.9
29.9 ± 7.3
3.2 ± 13.2
0.021
0.025
0.022
Female
29.1 ± 5.9
29.3 ± 6.1
27.5 ± 5.9
28.2 ± 6.3
−3.2 ± 7.1
<0.001
0.005
29.2 ± 5.8
30.2 ± 6.1
29.1 ± 6.2
30.1 ± 6.1
3.2 ± 6.8
0.001
0.002
0.112
Total
28.5 ± 6.3
28.3 ± 6.3
26.8 ± 6.6
27.1 ± 6.8
−5.3 ± 8.3
<0.001
<0.001
29.0 ± 6.2
29.9 ± 6.2
29.0 ± 6.5
30.0 ± 6.6
3.2 ± 10.0
<0.001
<0.001
0.005
VFA (cm2)
Male
124.7 ± 33.4
122.3 ± 32.7
117.5 ± 37.5
115.7 ± 36.0
−7.7 ± 10.1
<0.001
<0.001
128.2 ± 36.0
133.6 ± 36.0
131.1 ± 38.6
137.5 ± 44.9
5.7 ± 16.9
0.021
0.012
0.036
Female
144.9 ± 32.5
148.6 ± 34.1
138.7 ± 35.1
143.2 ± 37.5
−1.8 ± 10.4
0.012
0.389
145.2 ± 30.7
152.9 ± 32.8
147.5 ± 34.3
154.2 ± 33.0
6.5 ± 8.5
<0.001
<0.001
0.104
Total
135.6 ± 34.2
136.5 ± 35.7
128.9 ± 37.5
130.5 ± 39.1
−4.5 ± 10.6
<0.001
<0.001
138.0 ± 33.9
144.8 ± 35.3
140.6 ± 36.8
147.2 ± 39.1
6.2 ± 12.7
<0.001
<0.001
0.008
BCM (kg)
Male
40.7 ± 4.5
40.1 ± 4.2
39.8 ± 4.3
40.1 ± 4.2
−1.4 ± 2.1
<0.001
<0.001
39.6 ± 4.1
39.8 ± 4.4
39.4 ± 4.5
40.0 ± 4.7
0.7 ± 4.2
0.132
0.257
0.960
Female
29.6 ± 2.8
28.1 ± 2.8
28.0 ± 2.6
28.2 ± 2.8
−1.2 ± 3.5
<0.001
0.014
28.7 ± 2.8
28.6 ± 3.0
28.5 ± 3.0
28.6 ± 3.0
−0.3 ± 2.8
0.271
0.473
0.469
Total
34.2 ± 7.1
33.6 ± 6.9
33.5 ± 6.9
33.7 ± 6.9
−1.3 ± 2.9
<0.001
<0.001
33.3 ± 6.4
33.3 ± 6.7
33.1 ± 6.5
33.4 ± 6.8
0.1 ± 3.5
0.077
0.524
0.980
aData are given as means (SD); bdata were analyzed by repeated measurements; cdata analyzed by paired-samples T-test between time 1 and time 4; ddata analyzed by T-test between the intervention group and control group at time 4. Asterisk shows difference between genders. BW: body weight; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist-to-hip ratio; FFM: fat-free mass; BFM: body fat mass; VFA: visceral fat area; BCM: body cell mass. indicates statistical significance.
