Effects of Exercise Domain and Intensity on Sleep in Women and Men with Overweight and Obesity
Table 4
Estimated changes in sleep characteristics of the participants included in the per protocol analyses.
CON
BIKE
MOD
VIG
BIKE vs. MOD
BIKE vs. VIG
MOD vs. VIG
n
Within group change
n
Within group change
Change vs. CON
vs. CON
n
Within group change
Change vs. CON
vs. CON
n
Within group change
Change vs. CON
vs. CON
Accelerometry
Sleep duration (min)
0–3 months
12
−22 (−44; −1)
20
−20 (−37; −3)
2 (−24; 29)
0.85
24
−1 (−17; 15)
21 (−5; 47)
0.11
24
8 (−9; 23)
29 (3; 55)
0.03
0.10
0.02
0.45
0–6 months
13
6 (−17; 30)
17
−3 (−24; 18)
−9 (−40; 21)
0.54
26
−7 (−24; 10)
−13 (−42; 15)
0.36
22
−2 (−20; 16)
−8 (−38; 21)
0.57
0.77
0.93
0.69
Sleep duration variability (%)
0–3 months
12
10 (−14; 40)
20
20 (−1; 45)
9 (−19; 45)
0.56
24
−4 (−20; 14)
−13 (−34; 16)
0.35
24
11 (−7; 32)
1 (−24; 35)
0.93
0.08
0.55
0.22
0–6 months
13
20 (−9; 59)
17
−6 (−27; 20)
−22 (−45; 12)
0.17
26
−17 (−32; 3)
−31 (−50; −3)
0.03
22
−14 (−31; 8)
−28 (−49; 1)
0.06
0.44
0.59
0.82
Sleep midpoint variability (%)
0–3 months
12
10 (−18; 48)
20
30 (3; 64)
18 (−18; 71)
0.37
24
15 (−7; 43)
5 (−26; 50)
0.78
24
16 (−6; 44)
5 (−26; 51)
0.77
0.44
0.46
0.98
0–6 months
13
10 (−17; 46)
17
6 (−17; 35)
−4 (−33; 37)
0.82
26
−15 (−30; 5)
−23 (−44; 8)
0.13
22
0 (−20; 24)
−10 (−36; 27)
0.56
0.16
0.71
0.28
Weekday sleep duration (min)
0–3 months
12
−27 (−52; −2)
20
−17 (−36; 3)
10 (−21; 41)
0.52
24
8 (−10; 26)
34 (4; 64)
0.03
24
4 (−14; 22)
31 (0; 61)
0.047
0.06
0.12
0.76
0–6 months
13
7 (−21; 34)
17
−1 (−24; 23)
−7 (−43; 28)
0.69
26
1 (−18; 21)
−5 (−38; 27)
0.75
22
7 (−14; 28)
1 (−33; 34)
0.98
0.90
0.62
0.68
Weekend sleep duration (min)
0–3 months
12
−17 (−60; 26)
20
−34 (−67; 1)
−17 (−69; 36)
0.53
24
−23 (−55; 9)
−6 (−57; 45)
0.81
24
20 (−11; 52)
37 (−14; 88)
0.15
0.63
0.02
0.04
0–6 months
13
6 (−31; 44)
17
−15 (−48; 18)
−21 (−69; 27)
0.38
26
−26 (−53; 2)
−32 (−76; 12)
0.16
22
−17 (−47; 13)
−23 (−69: 22)
0.31
0.61
0.93
0.65
Sleep quality
PSQI total score (%)
0–3 months
14
−15 (−33; 7)
18
1 (−18; 25)
19 (−12; 61)
0.25
30
−3 (−17; 15)
15 (−13; 51)
0.33
24
−22 (−35; −6)
−8 (−31; 23)
0.57
0.76
0.06
0.07
0–6 months
16
8 (−16; 39)
18
7 (−15; 36)
−1 (−29; 39)
0.95
28
−7 (−23; 13)
−14 (−37; 17)
0.34
23
−16 (−32; 4)
−22 (−44; 7)
0.12
0.35
0.13
0.47
Sleepiness
ESS total score
0–3 months
14
0.9 (−0.4; 2.2)
16
1.1 (−0.1; 2.3)
0.2 (−1.6; 2.0)
0.82
28
−0.1 (−1.1; 0.8)
−1.0 (−2.6; 0.6)
0.20
23
0.9 (−0.1; 2.0)
0 (−1.6; 1.7)
0.97
0.11
0.84
0.13
0–6 months
15
0.6 (−0.7; 1.9)
17
−0.9 (−2.1; 0.3)
−1.5 (−3.2; 0.2)
0.08
27
−0.6 (−1.5; 0.3)
−1.2 (−2.8; 0.3)
0.12
23
−0.5 (−1.5; 0.6)
−1.1 (−2.7; 0.5)
0.19
0.67
0.57
0.85
Data are estimated mean changes (95% CI) for parametric data and percentage change (95% CI) for nonparametric data. Changes from baseline to 3 and 6 months were assessed using a mixed model adjusted for gender, age, and baseline variation. The model was baseline constrained, and differences at baseline were thereby ascribed to the individual level. Sleep duration variability and sleep midpoint variability were calculated as the sum of the absolute differences between the mean and each night of measurement divided by the number of nights measured. BIKE, active commuting group; CON, control group; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; MOD, moderate intensity exercise group; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; VIG, vigorous intensity exercise group.
