Research Article
Change and Stability in Sibling Resemblance in Obesity Markers: The Portuguese Sibling Study on Growth, Fitness, Lifestyle, and Health
Table 1
Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations (SD) and frequencies (%)) for all sib types at baseline and follow-up.
| | Brother-brother (n = 50) | z | Brother-sister (n = 84) | z | Sister-sister (n = 34) | t | All siblings (n = 168) | z | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| Individual characteristics | Chronological age (yr) | 12.3 ± 1.4 | 14.6 ± 1.6 | 19.98 | 12.2 ± 1.4 | 14.3 ± 1.3 | 14.02 | 11.8 ± 1.3 | 14.2 ± 1.3 | 17.10 | 12.2 ± 1.4 | 14.4 ± 1.4 | 25.48 | Biological maturation (yr) | −0.9 ± 1.5 | 0.8 ± 1.7 | 16.72 | −0.9 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 13.64 | -0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 14.51 | -0.9 ± 1.3 | 0.6 ± 1.3 | 23.60 | Body fat (%) | 19.4 ± 5.9 | 19.4 ± 6.0 | −0.06ns | 21.8 ± 6.0 | 22.3 ± 5.9 | 1.21ns | 25.1 ± 4.4 | 27.8 ± 5.3 | 6.11 | 21.8 ± 5.9 | 22.5 ± 6.5 | 3.14 | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 19.7 ± 3.5 | 20.6 ± 3.7 | 6.54 | 18.9 ± 2.6 | 19.7 ± 2.6 | 3.94 | 19.2 ± 3.1 | 20.7 ± 3.4 | 7.13 | 19.2 ± 3.0 | 20.2 ± 3.1 | 8.34 | Waist circumference (cm) | 67.3 ± 9.2 | 70.2 ± 10.2 | 8.15 | 64.4 ± 5.7 | 66.1 ± 5.5 | 4.50 | 63.1 ± 6.6 | 65.8 ± 6.8 | 5.49 | 65.0 ± 7.2 | 67.3 ± 7.7 | 9.51 |
| Behavioral characteristics | Screen time | 3.4 ± 2.6 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 0.63ns | 3.0 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | −0.26ns | 2.8 ± 2.2 | 2.4 ± 2.1 | −1.00ns | 3.1 ± 2.3 | 3.0 ± 2.1 | −0.22ns | Total physical activity | 8.2 ± 2.0 | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 1.09ns | 7.6 ± 2.2 | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 1.62ns | 7.8 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 1.9 | −0.30ns | 7.8 ± 2.0 | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 1.73ns | Healthy diet | 44.0 ± 18.3 | 42.5 ± 18.7 | −0.48ns | 42.1 ± 5.2 | 39.6 ± 13.5 | −1.47ns | 41.0 ± 13.9 | 38.4 ± 20.4 | −1.02ns | 42.5 ± 15.9 | 40.2 ± 16.7 | −1.62ns | Unhealthy diet | 29.1 ± 19.3 | 24.4 ± 15.5 | −2.08 | 22.6 ± 14.1 | 21.2 ± 14.2 | −1.13ns | 15.0 ± 7.4 | 13.5 ± 7.5 | −1.34ns | 23.0 ± 15.6 | 20.6 ± 14.0 | 23.03 |
| Familial characteristics | Father occupation | 6.0 ± 2.7 | 6.0 ± 2.7 | −0.00ns | 5.6 ± 2.5 | 5.6 ± 2.5 | 1.01ns | 6.0 ± 2.0 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 1.79ns | 5.8 ± 2.5 | 5.9 ± 2.5 | 1.98ns | Mother occupation | 6.7 ± 2.2 | 7.1 ± 2.1 | 0.86ns | 5.6 ± 2.7 | 5.6 ± 2.7 | −1.75ns | 6.2 ± 2.8 | 6.2 ± 2.8 | 0.00ns | 6.2 ± 2.6 | 6.2 ± 2.6 | 0.27ns | Parental support for PA | 11.8 ± 8.1 | 11.3 ± 7.3 | −0.42ns | 10.5 ± 6.5 | 11.9 ± 6.0 | 2.00 | 11.2 ± 6.1 | 12.7 ± 5.9 | 1.72ns | 11.0 ± 6.9 | 11.9 ± 6.4 | 1.77ns |
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; ; ; ns = nonsignificant. |