The Association of Having a Late Dinner or Bedtime Snack and Skipping Breakfast with Overweight in Japanese Women

Table 3

Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overweight/obesity for having a late dinner, having a bedtime snack, and skipping breakfast.

	Having late dinner	Having bedtime snack	Skipping breakfast
Overweight in participants without unhealthy behavior (%)	12.5	12.0	12.8
Overweight in participants with unhealthy behavior (%)	16.9	16.5	15.7
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI)	1.48 (1.32–1.67)	1.52 (1.38–1.67)	1.36 (1.18–1.57)
Multivariable OR (95% CI)^a	1.46 (1.29–1.65)	1.48 (1.35–1.63)	1.29 (1.12–1.49)
Multivariable OR (95% CI)^b	1.43 (1.27–1.62)	1.47 (1.34–1.62)	1.23 (1.06–1.42)

Overweight was defined as a body mass index of 25 kg/m² or greater. Unhealthy behaviors included having a late dinner, having a bedtime snack, or skipping breakfast. ORs were calculated for having certain eating behaviors compared with those without the same eating behavior. ^aAdjusted for age, exercise habit, smoking status, sleep duration, and employment status. ^bAdjusted additionally and mutually for having a late-night meal (late dinner and/or bedtime snack) and skipping breakfast.