Regional Variation in Comorbid Prediabetes and Diabetes and Associated Factors among Hypertensive Individuals in Rural Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka
Table 3
Factors associated with diabetes among individuals with hypertension in rural communities in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Model 1 ()
Model 2 ()
Model 3 ()
Model 4 ()
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)
value
OR (95% CI)
value
Country
<0.001
0.15
0.067
<0.001
Pakistan
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Bangladesh
1.16 (0.84, 1.61)
0.35
1.12 (0.85, 1.48)
0.41
1.21 (0.91, 1.61)
0.19
1.18 (0.85, 1.62)
0.31
Sri Lanka
2.55 (1.86, 3.49)
<0.001
1.37 (0.99, 1.89)
0.057
1.48 (1.07, 2.06)
0.021
2.32 (1.57, 3.41)
<0.001
Age (y, per 5 y increase)
—
—
1.10 (1.05, 1.16)
<0.001
1.10 (1.04, 1.15)
<0.001
1.05 (0.99, 1.11)
0.090
Women (vs. men)
—
—
0.93 (0.74, 1.16)
0.53
0.93 (0.74, 1.17)
0.53
0.96 (0.74, 1.23)
0.73
Formal education (vs. no formal education)
—
—
1.47 (1.12, 1.92)
0.005
1.35 (1.03, 1.78)
0.028
1.35 (1.02, 1.78)
0.036
Unmarried (vs. married)
—
—
0.87 (0.67, 1.13)
0.28
0.87 (0.67, 1.13)
0.30
0.83 (0.63, 1.08)
0.17
International wealth index (per SD increase)
—
—
1.32 (1.17, 1.50)
<0.001
1.30 (1.15, 1.47)
<0.001
1.30 (1.14, 1.48)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
—
—
<0.001
0.55
0.84
<18.5
1.00
1.00
1.00
18.5∼23
2.29 (1.37, 3.85)
0.002
1.49 (0.86, 2.58)
0.16
1.29 (0.74, 2.26)
0.37
23∼27.5
3.75 (2.25, 6.23)
<0.001
1.47 (0.81, 2.67)
0.20
1.27 (0.69, 2.33)
0.44
≥27.5
4.78 (2.84, 8.07)
<0.001
1.53 (0.81, 2.91)
0.19
1.31 (0.68, 2.52)
0.42
Waist circumference† (cm)
—
—
—
—
<0.001
<0.001
<Q1
—
—
1.00
1.00
Q1∼Q2
—
—
2.14 (1.47, 3.12)
<0.001
1.97 (1.34, 2.90)
<0.001
Q2∼Q3
—
—
3.45 (2.29, 5.20)
<0.001
3.01 (1.97, 4.59)
<0.001
≥Q3
—
—
3.76 (2.40, 5.89)
<0.001
3.47 (2.18, 5.51)
<0.001
Smoking (vs. no smoking)
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.78 (0.53, 1.13)
0.19
Physical activity (MET-min/week)
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.096
<1381
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.00
1381–5544
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.03 (0.80, 1.32)
0.82
≥5544
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.79 (0.61, 1.03)
0.083
Pulse pressure (mmHg, per 5 mmHg increase)
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.07 (1.03, 1.11)
<0.001
HDL (mg/dL, per 5 mg/dL increase)
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.90 (0.86, 0.96)
<0.001
Triglyceride (mg/dL, per 5 mg/dL increase)
—
—
—
—
—
—
1.01 (1.01, 1.02)
<0.001
OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; MET, metabolic equivalent task; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein. No interaction terms were included in the model. P trend for BMI was 0.68 and for waist circumference was <0.001 in model 4. †Gender-specific quartiles were used: Q1, Q2, and Q3 were 79, 88, and 95 among female and 82, 91, and 98 among male.
