Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Factors in relation to Overweight Defined by BMI and “Normal-Weight Obesity”
Table 1
Associations between BMI and sociodemographic factors and smoking and alcohol habits in the EpiHealth cohort.
BMI < 25 kg/m2N = 7,089 (40.0)
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2N = 10,537 (59.5)
Odds ratio
95% CI
Adj odds ratio
95% CI
-value
Sex
Women (ref)
4719 (66.6)
5163 (49.0)
1
1
Men
2370 (33.4)
5374 (51.0)
2.073
1.947–2.206
2.035
1.899–2.181
<0.001
Age group (year)
45–49 (ref)
1206 (17.0)
1321 (12.5)
1
1
50–59
2309 (32.6)
3121 (29.6)
1.334
1.122–1.357
1.241
1.121–1.374
<0.000
60–69
2599 (36.7)
4285 (40.7)
1.505
1.373–1.650
1.400
1.249–1.570
<0.001
70–75
975 (13.8)
1810 (17.2)
1.695
1.518–1.892
1.547
1.325–1.807
<0.001
Education
Primary school (ref)
751 (10.6)
1535 (14.6)
1
1
Secondary school
1565 (22.1)
2818 (26.7)
0.881
0.792–0.980
1.028
0.916–1.154
0.640
Higher education
3764 (53.1)
4270 (40.5)
0.555
0.503–0.612
0.735
0.661–0.818
<0.001
Other
909 (12.8)
1704 (16.2)
0.917
0.814–1.033
1.003
0.885–1.137
0.963
Missing data
100 (1.4)
210 (2.0)
—
—
—
—
—
Occupation
Working (ref)
4235 (59.7)
5607 (53.2)
1
1
Sick leave/disability
154 (2.2)
353 (3.4)
1.731
1.427–2.101
1.517
1.234–1.864
<0.001
Retirement
2255 (31.8)
3899 (37.0)
1.306
1.223–1.394
1.104
0.996–1.224
0.060
Other
351 (5.0)
465 (4.4)
1.001
0.866–1.156
0.989
0.848–1.153
0.885
Missing
92 (1.3)
213 (2.0)
—
—
—
—
—
Marital status
Single/living alone (ref)
946 (13.3)
1174 (11.1)
1
1
Married/cohabitating
5084 (71.7)
7829 (74.3)
1.241
1.131–1.361
1.221
1.105–1.350
<0.001
Divorced/widowed
958 (13.5)
1329 (12.6)
1.118
0.992–1.259
1.177
1.036–1.336
0.012
Missing data
101 (1.4)
205 (1.9)
—
—
—
—
—
Smoking habits
Never smoked (ref)
3771 (53.2)
4702 (44.6)
1
1
Former smokers
2567 (36.2)
4718 (44.8)
1.474
1.382–1.572
1.385
1.291–1.485
<0.001
Current smokers
575 (8.1)
800 (7.6)
1.116
0.994–1.252
0.890
0.783–1.010
0.072
Missing data
176 (2.5)
317 (3.0)
—
—
—
—
—
Alcohol drinking frequency
Never (ref)
236 (3.3)
463 (4.4)
1
1
Once monthly or less
965 (13.6)
1774 (16.8)
0.937
0.786–1.117
0.874
0.685–1.113
0.275
2-3 times a month
1256 (17.7)
2008 (19.1)
0.815
0.686–0.968
0.728
0.570–0.931
0.011
Once weekly
1368 (19.3)
1984 (18.8)
0.739
0.623–0.877
0.604
0.473–0.773
<0.001
2-3 times a week
2363 (33.3)
3070 (29.1)
0.662
0.561–0.782
0.516
0.404–0.658
<0.001
≥4 times a week
679 (9.6)
823 (7.8)
0.618
0.513–0.745
0.440
0.340–0.571
<0.001
Missing data
222 (3.1)
415 (3.9)
—
—
—
—
—
Amount drinking/occasion
1-2 glasses (ref)
4997 (70.5)
6371 (60.5)
1
1
3-4 glasses
1432 (20.2)
2691 (25.2)
1.474
1.369–1.587
1.374
1.267–1.490
<0.001
≥5 glasses
191 (2.7)
652 (6.2)
2.677
2.269–3.159
2.027
1.699–2.420
<0.001
Missing/no drinking
469 (6.6)
823 (7.8)
—
—
—
—
—
N = number. Body mass index (BMI) was divided into <25 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2. Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for all sociodemographic factors, smoking and alcohol habits, leisure time physical activity, and the regularity of meals. Values are presented as number and percentage or crude and adjusted (adj) odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI). value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
