Epidemiology, Predisposing Factors, Biomarkers, and Prevention Mechanism of Obesity: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Phenotype of obesity and its biomarkers.

Type of obesity	Benchmarks	Biomarkers	References
Normal weight obese (NWO)	(A) BMI = 18.5–25 (normal weight); (B) Higher fasting glucose level; (C) Did not have metabolic syndrome; (D) High body fat percentage; ✓ Men—23.5%; ✓ Women—29.2%	Proinflammatory cytokines	[44–47]
Metabolically obese normal weight (MONW)	(A) BMI = 18.5–25 (normal weight); (B) High body fat percentage >30; (C) Low insulin sensitivity/hyperinsulinemia; (D) Metabolic syndrome happen	Presence of steatosis, concentrations of high-density cholesterol, triglycerides, and inflammation biomarkers	[44–46, 48]
Metabolically healthy obese (MHO)	(A) BMI >30 (obese); (B) High body fat percentage >30; (C) Proper sensitivity of insulin	Elevated high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and TG	[44, 45, 48, 49]
Metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO)	(A) BMI >30 (obese); (B) High body fat percentage >30; (C) Insulin resistant, diabetes mellitus	Higher TG, FBG, TG/HDL-C levels, and lower levels of HDL	[44, 45, 49]

FBG: fasting glucose; TG: triglyceride; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.