<sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET-CT in the Management of Patients Receiving Definitive Radiotherapy for Malignancies of the Head and Neck

Franc, Benjamin L.; DeLemos, Christi; Jones, Christopher

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/725482

Journal of Oral Oncology

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2015 | Article ID 725482 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/725482

¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in the Management of Patients Receiving Definitive Radiotherapy for Malignancies of the Head and Neck

Benjamin L. Franc,^1,2Christi DeLemos,³and Christopher Jones⁴

Academic Editor: Peter Clarke

Received23 Jan 2015

Accepted18 Mar 2015

Published01 Apr 2015

Abstract

The study investigated the utility and timing of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT to evaluate for residual/recurrent or metastatic HNC in patients treated with definitive intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy, planned with ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT. The incidence and timing of locoregional recurrence, distant metastatic disease, new primary malignancies, and death were evaluated in 261 patients retrospectively. Findings were classified based on pathology or clinical follow-up and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FDG PET-CT were determined overall as well as at the time of each ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT. The overall accuracy for ¹⁸F-FDG PET in the detection of residual/recurrent malignancy or metastatic disease was 96.4%. Of those in whom cancer recurred locally, 57% were identified based on physical examination and other imaging findings and 43% were identified initially on ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT surveillance imaging when no disease was evident clinically. ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT has a high diagnostic capability of detecting residual/recurrent malignancy or malignant metastatic disease in patients with HNC following IMRT ± concurrent chemotherapy, supporting ¹⁸F- FDG PET-CT’s use to evaluate patients for recurrent malignancy in the post-IMRT period, even without clinical evidence of disease.

1. Introduction

Radiation oncologists have increasingly utilized positron emission tomography with ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose combined with computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT) to assist in staging, defining tumor volumes, and evaluating locoregional recurrence in patients with cancers of the head and neck. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the utility and timing of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT to evaluate for residual/recurrent or metastatic HNC in patients treated with definitive intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy, planned with ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT. By focusing on this highly specific population of patients, the study sought to better understand the value and key performance parameters of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in order to provide information helpful in the future management of this population.

2. Materials and Methods

The California Cancer Registry (CCR) is a population-based registry composed of eight regional registries collecting cancer incidence and mortality data for the entire population of California. In 1985, California state law mandated the reporting of all newly diagnosed cancers in California, and statewide implementation began on January 1, 1988. Data reported to the California Cancer Registry (CCR) at our institution was queried to identify all patients treated with head and neck cancer based on ICD-9 diagnosis. CPT billing codes for Intensity Modulated Radiation Treatment (IMRT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging were used to further identify eligible cases. Subjects included in the study received IMRT for a new diagnosis of head and neck cancer and at least one ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT for treatment planning. A subset of these patients with at least one additional posttherapy ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT for evaluation of residual or recurrent disease was then identified. Patients presenting with a recurrent cancer or metastatic disease from a separate cancer site were excluded. The study design and methods were approved by the local institutional review board (IRB).

Retrospective chart review was performed by a master’s prepared nurse to develop a database of eligible subjects. The dataset included patient demographics, IMRT summary data, surgical treatments, clinical lab values, pathology findings related to the detection of cancer, cancer diagnosis, chemotherapy treatments, clinical findings related to cancer, reported results of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging, presence and timing of cancer recurrence, and the date and cause of death.

The clinical follow-up visits and diagnostic imaging records were abstracted for each subject to evaluate for treatment provided, clinical or radiographic disease progression, incidence of new cancers, and death. Recurrence was defined as any clinical or radiographic evidence of tumor confirmed by tissue biopsy or a change in treatment plan. Time to recurrence was a calculated variable reported in days by subtracting the date recurrence from the date of initial diagnosis. Data were then categorized by site of primary cancer to include nasopharyngeal, oropharynx, oral cavity, salivary gland, and larynx/hypopharynx. The oropharynx classification was given to all cancers of the tonsils and base of tongue. The oral cavity classification was given to all cancers of the oral tongue or other components of the oral cavity. Clinical stage was collected and reported based on national guidelines for staging head and neck cancer.

The maximum voxel-based standardized uptake value (max SUV) of the primary tumor site was collected based on reports of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT exams performed before therapy for staging and/or radiation treatment planning purposes. Imaging reports of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CTs performed following radiation therapy were reviewed and the findings were categorized as true positive, true negative, false positive, or false negative for the presence or absence of residual/recurrent disease, categorized as either locoregional recurrence or distant metastatic disease. True positive ¹⁸F-FDG PET scans were defined as those scans with evidence of recurrent disease and concordant evidence of clinical recurrence or a positive biopsy based on chart review. True negative ¹⁸F-FDG PET scans were defined as those scans with no evidence of recurrent disease and no documented clinical evidence of disease on chart review. Similarly, false positive ¹⁸F-FDG PET scans were defined as those scans with reported findings consistent with recurrent disease but no clinical evidence of disease on chart review. False negative scans were defined as those scans that failed to identify recurrent disease when it was found on clinical exam within an 8-week interval from the time of imaging.

The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in the detection of recurrent or metastatic cancer in patients treated with IMRT for cancer of the head/neck were calculated. Average time to recurrence following a negative ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT study and the rate of initial recurrence detection by ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT were calculated. The relationship of max SUV of the primary tumor and risk of recurrence was tested. Student’s -test was used to test the differences between groups and subgroups for continuous variables, while Chi-square test was used to test differences for categorical variables. SAS 9.2 was used in this data analysis.

3. Results

Retrospective chart review identified two hundred and sixty-one (261) cases over the nine-year period that met the inclusion criteria of a patient receiving intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for a new diagnosis of head and neck cancer with pretherapy ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging. Of these cases, 153 patients had at least one posttreatment ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging study, 101 patients had two posttherapy studies, 60 patients had three posttherapy studies, and 22 had four such studies. Patients presenting with a recurrent cancer or metastatic disease from a separate cancer site were excluded, as were those who did not undergo ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT at some point during their care.

The mean follow-up was 26.4 months (1.2–84.7 months). Seventy-two percent of participants were male with an average age of 62 years. Cancers were located frequently in the oropharynx (45%, 118 cases). There were 79 cases (30%) of cancers of the oral cavity, 26 cases (10%) of nasopharyngeal cancer, 12 (5%) cases of cancer of the larynx or hypopharynx, and 26 (10%) cases of salivary gland malignancy (Figure 1). Locoregional recurrence occurred in 22.6% and distant metastases occurred in 3.07% of patients during the follow-up period.

Reports from a total of 608 ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT scans were reviewed. Three hundred forty-three follow-up scans were performed to measure response to treatment after an initial staging scan or to evaluate for recurrent malignancy subsequently. Findings were classified as true negative, true positive, false positive, or false negative at the locoregional and distant metastases levels. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of ¹⁸F-FDG PET in the detection of residual/recurrent malignancy or metastatic disease were 100.0%, 95.6%, 82.9%, 100.0%, and 96.4%, respectively (Table 1). In patients with cancers of the oropharynx, oral cavity, and salivary gland, the degrees of accuracy of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in the detection of residual/recurrent malignancy or metastatic disease were 96.3%, 94.6%, and 96.3%, respectively. The overall degrees of accuracy of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in patients with cancers of the larynx/hypopharynx and nasopharynx were each 100.0%.

In the detection of residual disease or locoregional recurrence on the first ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT acquired following completion of radiation therapy (mean 156 () 125 days, median 122 days), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 100.0%, 93.8%, 75.8%, 100.0%, and 94.8%, respectively (Figure 2). There were twelve false positive studies (11.0%) with all but one of these located in the oral cavity and oropharynx. There were no false negative studies in the PET-CT imaging exams included in this study. False positive locoregional findings were observed even after one year following completion of radiation therapy (Figure 3). The PPV of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT for recurrent/metastatic malignancy increased to 86.4% on the second ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT exam after therapy (median 333 days), 91.7% on the third ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT exam after therapy (median 462 days), and 100.0% on the fourth ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT exam after therapy (median 846 days), at which time all findings were related to metastatic disease and/or new primary malignancies (Table 2).

Figure 2

(A) True positive PET-CT: 61-year-old man with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the right tonsil, clinical stage T4 N3. (a) PET-CT for staging and planning for IMRT. (b) PET-CT 6 months later, following tonsillectomy, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Region containing focal metabolic activity was shown to contain residual malignancy on biopsy. (B) True negative PET-CT: 59-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue, clinical stage T2, N2c, and M0. (a) Staging PET-CT demonstrated the primary malignancy with nodal metastases. (b) Four months later and two months following completion of IMRT with concurrent Cisplatin therapy, PET-CT showed resolution of hypermetabolic activity and decrease in size of a left level II internal jugular lymph node. The patient is without evidence of recurrence 13 months later.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3

False-positive PET-CT: 49-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of the right tonsil, clinical stage T1 N2, treated with concurrent radiation therapy with Cisplatin. (a) PET-CT to evaluate for recurrent disease 17 months after completing therapy showed intense asymmetric hypermetabolism along the anterior edge of the treated site where no significant abnormalities were apparent on physical exam. Two subsequent biopsies of the area had benign findings on pathology. (b) PET-CT, 5 months later and 22 months following completion of therapy, showed resolution of the asymmetric hypermetabolism around the treated region. Over the subsequent 46 months of follow-up, there was no clinical evidence of recurrent malignancy (total 68 months of follow-up).

Of those in whom cancer recurred locally, 30 cases (57%) were identified based on physical examination and other imaging findings and 23 cases (43%) were identified initially on ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT surveillance imaging when no disease was evident clinically. Four of five (80%) cases of nasopharyngeal recurrence/metastasis were identified on ¹⁸F-FDG PET imaging alone and two out of four (50%) cases of recurrent salivary cancer were identified on ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging alone. The mean of the max SUV of the primary malignancy on the pretherapy imaging study scan was 10.56 among those who did not experience recurrence and 10.82 among those with recurrence, providing a nonsignificant difference in the primary max SUV of these populations (). The average time from a negative ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT scan to time of diagnosis of recurrent or metastatic malignancy was 612 356 days (range of 386 days on average in patients with salivary gland malignancies to 710 days on average in patients with cancers of the oral cavity) in those with true negative findings and 45 66 days in those with false negative findings.

Metastatic disease was identified on ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in all those who were known to have biopsy-proven metastases. Metastatic sites included the lung (3 nonprimary), liver (1), distant lymph nodes (1), and bone (3). New primary malignancies were also identified on ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in a small number of patients over the period including new cancers of the lung (7), prostate (4), breast (1), colon (1), kidney (1), head and neck (3), and blood (4) (Figure 4).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 4

85-year-old woman with squamous cell carcinoma of the left tonsil, clinical stage T1, N0, and M0, treated with IMRT with concurrent Erbitux. (a) PET-CT 16 months following completion of therapy demonstrated no evidence of local or regional recurrence of malignancy or distant metastatic disease. (b) PET-CT 23 months following completion of therapy showed hypermetabolism in the left tonsillar pillar and a left level II internal jugular lymph, subsequently biopsied with pathology showing metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was treated with reirradiation of the head/neck. (c) One year following reirradiation, PET-CT showed an enlarging, metabolically active adrenal mass with biopsy showing a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with mucinous and signet ring cell features, consistent with a colon cancer primary. (d) PET-CT 5 months later showed progression of the adrenal mass. The patient was also diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma, treated with cryoablation. She died of progressing malignancies, both in a neck recurrence and metastatic colon carcinoma, 13 months later following the last PET-CT, and 69 months following completion of her original IMRT for left tonsillar cancer.

4. Discussion

¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT, an imaging modality which combines functional (¹⁸F-FDG PET) and anatomic (CT) information, is used widely in patients with cancers of the head and neck to assist in diagnosis by directing biopsy, staging, and detection of recurrent disease and has shown significant value across all types of HNC, despite some well-known pitfalls [1, 2]. The use of PET-CT in the identification of unknown primary tumors in patients with cancers of the head and neck as well as for identifying recurrence in patients with advanced disease is a widespread practice in the treatment of HNC [3, 4]. Early prospective studies of ¹⁸F-FDG PET in patients being considered for primary radiation therapy demonstrated new information over that included in the anatomic imaging alone in a high fraction of cases that resulted in alterations in therapy, in nearly 41% of patients in one study [5, 6]. Therapeutic changes ranged from changes in portal design to complete change of therapeutic strategy. When compared to planning for IMRT with CT alone, the addition of ¹⁸F-FDG PET metabolic data provides superior localization of the primary tumor in HNC [7]. The use of ¹⁸F-FDG PET data can also conceivably decrease the observed large variation in target volume delineation in radiation treatment planning by more easily distinguishing between tumor and nonmalignant soft tissue [8]. The utilization of PET with ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) directly in developing the radiation treatment plan for patients with cancers of the head and neck has been widely adopted by radiation oncologists [9, 10].

In patients who have undergone intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in which ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT was utilized in the staging and planning process, ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT is often utilized to evaluate posttreatment patients for residual/recurrent malignancy or evidence of metastatic disease. The present study focused on the use of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT to evaluate for recurrent malignancy following definitive radiation therapy with IMRT in patients with cancers of the head and neck. By focusing on this highly specific population of patients, the study sought to better understand the value and key performance parameters of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in order to provide information helpful in the future management of the population and to understand the utility and expected outcomes of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging in a very specific cancer management setting. The number of patients studied, including 251 who underwent staging/IMRT treatment planning with ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT, 153 of whom had at least one posttreatment ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging study, represents one of the largest retrospective studies evaluating the role of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in detecting recurrent disease in this population. Many previous studies have more broadly defined the use of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in patients with head and neck cancer, without regard to the specific therapy type.

There are inherent weaknesses in utilizing retrospective data from clinical patient encounters. For example, in the presented data, it is clear that practice of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT utilization in terms of the number and timing of posttreatment ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT studies varies across clinicians. However, this data probably more closely reflects what could be expected in a clinical setting rather than a highly controlled clinical trial setting.

4.1. Prognostic Role of Staging/Pre-IMRT-Planning ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT

In the presented analysis, the max SUV on initial staging/pretherapy planning ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT study was not helpful in predicting recurrence in the patients included in the present study (). Soto and colleagues evaluated the relationship of pretreatment ¹⁸F-FDG PET biological target volume and the anatomical location of failure in patients with HNC following radiation therapy. The study reported on 61 patients with median follow-up of 22 months and found that 100% (9 of 9) locoregional treatment failures were inside the GTV and only one of these had a recurrence volume that mapped outside the pretreatment biologic tumor volume as determined on ¹⁸F-FDG PET [11]. While many studies have found no significant relationship between the level of ¹⁸F-FDG uptake on pretreatment ¹⁸F-FDG PET (mean SUV or max SUV) and postradiation locoregional treatment failure, a few investigations have identified a correlation between metabolically active volume of the primary tumor and outcome [12, 13].

4.2. Role of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in Evaluating for Residual/Recurrent Locoregional Malignancy or Metastatic Disease Post-IMRT

¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT demonstrated a very high sensitivity and negative predictive value in the detection of residual disease following IMRT concurrent chemotherapy in the data presented. This is in keeping with high sensitivity and NPV values reported previously [3, 14]. In a retrospective review of 35 patients, Ul-Hassan and colleagues found ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT to have an NPV of only 87% in the evaluation of patients for residual malignancy following completion of radiation therapy concurrent chemotherapy [15]. The time between completion of therapy and imaging in the study by Ul-Hassan et al. was 3 months, 1 month less than the median time in the presented study. Theoretically, by allowing additional time for resolution of posttherapy inflammation, the ratio of uptake in a residual malignancy to that in surrounding soft tissue could increase, allowing lesions that could be false negative early after radiation to become true positive findings later. To this point, a more recently published study evaluating 143 consecutive patients who underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT following curative treatment for primary squamous cell cancers of the head and neck found sensitivities of 100% and 92% for the detection of local recurrence or regional recurrence, respectively, at 3–6 months following completing of therapy, a window of time that straddles the time frame of 3 months in other studies and the median of 4 months included in the current study [16]. The same previous study reported a lower sensitivity of 83% for the detection of local recurrence at 12 months.

In the current study, the yield of true positives decreased the longer time between completion of therapy and imaging. Three false positive findings were present at the time of second posttherapy exam (median 333 days, mean 444 331), suggesting that postradiation inflammation infrequently causes false positive findings over 18–24 months following therapy. One can conclude from the data in the present study that ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT has a very high NPV in the detection of residual or recurrent malignancy if performed in the window of 4–18 months following completion of therapy. Furthermore, given that the average time from a negative ¹⁸F-FDG PET scan to time of diagnosis of recurrent or metastatic malignancy was 612 356 days (range of 386 days on average in patients with salivary gland malignancies to 710 days on average in patients with cancers of the oral cavity) in those with true negative findings and 45 66 days in those with false negative findings, patients are very likely to have a long disease-free interval if no disease is evident on ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT or within 6 months of subsequent clinical/conventional radiographic follow-up.

It is notable that 43% of recurrences were identified first on ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging, rather than on clinical exam or on other imaging such as MR or CT. Kim et al. reported sensitivities of 3–6- and 12-month ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT scans for detection of recurrence at a patient level of 96% and 93% versus 11% and 19% on clinical follow-up [16]. Clearly, clinical and conventional imaging follow-up in the present study yielded a higher rate of recurrence detection than that reported by Kim et al. The rate of clinical recurrence detection likely depends upon how aggressive the findings of clinical exam or conventional imaging are pursued, whether a biopsy is performed immediately or if another imaging test, such as ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT is pursued. In an environment focused on containing costs and limiting radiation exposure, one would expect a lower frequency of recurrence detected only on sophisticated molecular imaging exams simply because other tests are ordered first and the total number of imaging studies is restricted. ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in this environment is typically reserved for those patients with no evidence of disease clinically. Therefore, the fact that, despite performing conventional clinical follow-up, ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT alone identified nearly half of all diagnosed recurrences, it may be concluded that ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT provides a clinically valuable tool in the management of patients with cancers of the head and neck. A strong argument can be made to utilize ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT as the first line imaging modality to evaluate for evidence of recurrent malignancy.

The specificity of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT was found to progressively increase, on average, how much further out a patient was from IMRT in the analysis of the data in this study. The specificity of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT findings varies widely in published studies and PPVs as low as 50% have been reported [3]. The PPV in the detection of residual/recurrent malignancy on the first posttherapy ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT was 75.8%, by contrast, in the current study. Meta-analyses evaluating the ability of ¹⁸F-FDG PET to detect disease in this setting have indicated PPVs in the range of 75–80% and NPVs above 90% [17, 18]. This difference between the specificities reported here and lower values in some reports found in the literature could potentially be accounted for by differences in the timing of the first ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT following completion of radiation therapy. Many studies have imaged patients 3-4 months following completion of therapy. The median time between completion of therapy and ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT in the current study was 122 days, just at the 4 month posttherapy time point. However, there was a high variability between clinicians in the timing of this first study resulting in some individuals receiving imaging at 4-5 months on average and some even several months later, potentially providing fewer false positives due to inflammation occurring early after the completion of radiation therapy. To this point, Kim et al. found PPVs of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT for the detection of local recurrence (81%) in the 3–6 month posttherapy period, similar to the values obtained from the analysis performed in the current study [16].

Some have suggested the potential utility of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT may be useful in evaluating a patient’s need to go on to neck dissection, although this final point is heavily debated given the rather short time between chemoradiation therapy and ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT imaging this would require [19, 20]. On average, ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT was performed approximately 4-5 months following completion of chemotherapy in the current study with a high standard deviation, suggesting that the results of the presented study would not necessarily apply to the population undergoing subsequent neck dissection generally. Indeed, studies of that particular scenario have found a lower NPV for ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT but have generally required imaging earlier after completion of radiation therapy. For example, in a study of the ability of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT to identify residual nodal disease following chemoradiation therapy for HNC, Gourin and colleagues found residual viable carcinoma in 3 of 6 (50%) patients with negative ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT studies. No correlation was found between ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT findings and histologic findings or between SUV and size of viable tumor [21].

Risk stratification is another area where the role of ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT has been investigated following completion of IMRT chemotherapy. Previous studies have suggested that negative findings at the primary tumor site on posttherapy ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT correlates well with response overall, though ¹⁸F-FDG PET has not demonstrated a high sensitivity or specificity in the detection of residual tumor at nodal sites in some studies [22, 23]. Volumes of metabolically active tumor following completion of radiation therapy have been linked to increase in risk of disease progression and death. For example, Murphy and colleagues showed that a 21 cm³ increase in volume of metabolically active tumor (defined as a max SUV > 2) was associated with a greater risk of disease progression and death with hazard ratios of 2.5 and 2.0, respectively [24]. Passero and colleagues showed a 2-year progression-free survival for patients with complete response versus those without complete response by ¹⁸F-FDG PET of 93% and 48%, respectively [25]. The future role of imaging in risk stratification of cancers of the head and neck is unclear, however, as other highly accessible biomarkers have been shown to have comparable prognostic abilities [26].

4.3. The Future of PET-CT in Detecting Recurrence of Cancers of the Head and Neck

PET and PET-CT with ¹⁸F-FDG have consistently demonstrated a high negative predictive value in the detection of recurrent cancers of the head and neck. However, with the goal of identifying a radiopharmaceutical with a higher specificity for recurrent malignancy, other positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals such as ¹¹C-methionine, a marker of protein synthesis and membrane turnover, have begun to be evaluated in their ability to detect residual/recurrent tumor in cancers of the head and neck [27]. PET-CT’s ability to accurately detect recurrent malignancy in this population, although relatively high currently, will likely continue to improve as molecular imaging advances to utilize these new radiopharmaceuticals and quantitative methods.

5. Conclusion

¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT has a high diagnostic capability of detecting residual/recurrent malignancy or malignant metastatic disease in patients with HNC following IMRT concurrent chemotherapy, supporting ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT’s use to evaluate patients for recurrent malignancy in the post-IMRT period, even when patients present without clinical evidence of disease. ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT has a very high NPV in the detection of residual or recurrent HNC if performed in the window of 4–18 months following completion of therapy.

Conflict of Interests

The authors have no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful for the statistical assistance provided by Guibo Xing of the University of California, Davis.

References

M. B. Fukui, T. M. Blodgett, C. H. Snyderman et al., “Combined PET-CT in the head and neck. Part 2. Diagnostic uses and pitfalls of oncologic imaging,” Radiographics, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 913–930, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. M. Blodgett, M. B. Fukui, C. H. Snyderman et al., “Combined PET-CT in the head and neck: part 1. Physiologic, altered physiologic, and artifactual FDG uptake,” RadioGraphics, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 897–912, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Schöder, M. Fury, N. Lee, and D. Kraus, “PET monitoring of therapy response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 50, supplement 1, no. 1, pp. 74S–88S, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. A. Zimmer, B. F. Branstetter, J. V. Nayak, and J. T. Johnson, “Current use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck,” Laryngoscope, vol. 115, no. 11, pp. 2029–2034, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. K. Ha, A. Hdeib, D. Goldenberg et al., “The Role of positron emission tomography and computed tomography fusion in the management of early-stage and advanced-stage primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,” Archives of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 12–16, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Dietl, J. Marienhagen, T. Kühnel, C. Schaefer, and O. Kölbl, “FDG-PET in radiotherapy treatment planning of advanced head and neck cancer—a prospective clinical analysis,” Auris Nasus Larynx, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 303–309, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. E. Heron, R. S. Andrade, J. Flickinger et al., “Hybrid PET-CT simulation for radiation treatment planning in head-and-neck cancers: a brief technical report,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 1419–1424, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. J. H. M. Steenbakkers, J. C. Duppen, I. Fitton et al., “Observer variation in target volume delineation of lung cancer related to radiation oncologist-computer interaction: a ‘Big Brother’ evaluation,” Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 182–190, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. F. Ciernik, E. Dizendorf, B. G. Baumert et al., “Radiation treatment planning with an integrated positron emission and computer tomography (PET/CT): a feasibility study,” International Journal of Radiation, Oncology, Biology, Physics, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 853–863, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Deantonio, D. Beldì, G. Gambaro et al., “FDG-PET/CT imaging for staging and radiotherapy treatment planning of head and neck carcinoma,” Radiation Oncology, vol. 3, no. 1, article 29, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. E. Soto, M. L. Kessler, M. Piert, and A. Eisbruch, “Correlation between pretreatment FDG-PET biological target volume and anatomical location of failure after radiation therapy for head and neck cancers,” Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 13–18, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. K. Chung, H.-S. Jeong, S. G. Park et al., “Metabolic tumor volume of [¹⁸F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography predicts short-term outcome to radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in pharyngeal cancer,” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 15, no. 18, pp. 5861–5868, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Suzuki, K. Kato, Y. Fujimoto et al., “Prognostic value of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake before treatment for pharyngeal cancer,” Annals of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 356–362, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. C. Ong, H. Schöder, N. Y. Lee et al., “Clinical utility of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT in assessing the neck after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locoregional advanced head and neck cancer,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 532–540, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Ul-Hassan, R. Simo, T. Guerrero-Urbano, R. Oakley, J.-P. Jeannon, and G. Cook, “Can ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT reliably assess response to primary treatment of head and neck cancer?” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 263–265, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. W. Kim, J.-L. Roh, J. S. Kim et al., “¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT surveillance at 3-6 and 12 months for detection of recurrence and second primary cancer in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,” British Journal of Cancer, vol. 109, no. 12, pp. 2973–2979, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Gupta, Z. Master, S. Kannan et al., “Diagnostic performance of post-treatment FDG PET or FDG PET/CT imaging in head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2083–2095, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. G. Isles, C. McConkey, and H. M. Mehanna, “A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of positron emission tomography in the follow up of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma following radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy,” Clinical Otolaryngology, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 210–222, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. A. Canning, S. Gubbels, C. Chinn, M. Wax, and J. M. Holland, “Positron emission tomography scan to determine the need for neck dissection after chemoradiation for head and neck cancer: timing is everything,” The Laryngoscope, vol. 115, no. 12, pp. 2206–2208, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. de Bree, L. van der Putten, J. Brouwer, J. A. Castelijns, O. S. Hoekstra, and C. René Leemans, “Detection of locoregional recurrent head and neck cancer after (chemo)radiotherapy using modern imaging,” Oral Oncology, vol. 45, no. 4-5, pp. 386–393, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. G. Gourin, H. T. Williams, W. N. Seabolt, A. V. Herdman, J. W. Howington, and D. J. Terris, “Utility of positron emission tomography-computed tomography in identification of residual nodal disease after chemoradiation for advanced head and neck cancer,” Laryngoscope, vol. 116, no. 5, pp. 705–710, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. P. Malone, M. A. T. Gerberi, S. Vasireddy et al., “Early prediction of response to chemoradiotherapy for head and neck cancer: reliability of restaging with combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography,” The Archives of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, vol. 135, no. 11, pp. 1119–1125, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Lyford-Pike, P. K. Ha, H. A. Jacene, J. R. Saunders, and R. P. Tufano, “Limitations of PET/CT in determining need for neck dissection after primary chemoradiation for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,” ORL, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 251–256, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. D. Murphy, T. H. La, K. Chu et al., “Postradiation metabolic tumor volume predicts outcome in head-and-neck cancer,” International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 514–521, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. A. Passero, B. F. Branstetter, Y. Shuai et al., “Response assessment by combined PET-CT scan versus ct scan alone using RECIST in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy,” Annals of Oncology, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 2278–2283, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. Vainshtein, M. E. Spector, J. B. McHugh et al., “Refining risk stratification for locoregional failure after chemoradiotherapy in human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal cancer,” Oral Oncology, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 513–519, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Bhatnagar, M. Subesinghe, C. Patel, R. Prestwich, and A. F. Scarsbrook, “Functional imaging for radiation treatment planning, response assessment, and adaptive therapy in head and neck cancer,” Radiographics, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 1909–1929, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2015 Benjamin L. Franc et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

659

Downloads

234

Citations