Review Article
Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy
Table 12
Studies investigating the relationship between dietary and serum levels of carotenoids and risk for ARM.
| Study | No. of cases | Measure of risk factor | Type of ARM | Odds ratio or relative risk | 95% confidence interval |
| Cross-Sectional Studies | | | | | |
|
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III [245] | 8222 | Dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin | Pigmentary abnormalities | 0.1 (Younger age groups) | 0.1–0.3 | Serum level of lutein and zeaxanthin | Early ARM | 1.0 | 0.6–1.5 |
| Prospective Studies | | | | | |
|
Beaver Dam Eye Study [237] | 1709 | Dietary intake of pro-vitamin A carotenoids | Large drusen | 0.53 | 0.3–1.0 | 0.45 | 0.2–1.0 |
| Blue Mountains Eye Study [226, 242] | 2900 | Dietary intake of carotene | Early ARM | 0.7 | 0.4–1.1 | Late ARM | 0.7 | 0.3–2.0 |
| Blue Mountains Eye Study [226, 242] | 1989 | Dietary intake of - and -carotene | Early ARM | 1.3 (-carotene) | 0.8–2.2 | 1.2 (-carotene) | 0.7–2.1 |
| Rotterdam Study [235] | 4170 | Dietary intake of -carotene in combination with vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc | Early and late ARM | 0.65 | 0.46–0.92 |
|
Pathologies Oculaires Liees a L’Age [246] | 899 | Plasma Levels of zeaxanthin | Early and Late ARM | 0.07 | 0.01–0.58 | Combined plasma level of lutein and zeaxanthin | Early and late ARM | 0.21 | 0.05–0.79 |
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