|
Study | No. of cases | Outcome measure/risk factor | Type of ARM | Odds ratio or relative risk | 95% confidence interval |
|
Cross-Sectional studies | | | | | | |
|
Beaver Dam Eye Study [110] | 4771 | Current smokers versus ex-smokers or never smokers | Neovascular AMD | 2.50 | 1.01–6.20 (Females) |
| 3.29 | 1.03–10.50 (Males) |
|
Blue Mountains Eye Study [24, 111] | 3654 | Current smoker versus current nonsmoker | Late ARM | 3.92 | 2.07–7.41 |
| Early ARM | 1.75 | 1.20–2.54 |
|
Pathologies Oculaires Liees a L’Age [112] | 2196 | Current smokers | Late ARM | 3.6 | 1.1–12.4 |
|
Melbourne Visual Impairment Project [26] | 5147 | Smoked Cigarettes for longer than 40 years | Late ARM | 2.39 | 1.02–5.57 |
|
Rotterdam Study [113] | 6174 | Current smokers | Neovascular AMD | 6.6 | 2.8–15.9 |
|
Los Angeles Latino Eye Study [114] | 5875 | Ever smoked | Late ARM | 2.4 | 1.03–5.4 |
|
| | Ever smoked versus never smoked | All AMD | 2.4 | |
Copenhagen Study Denmark [39, 40] | 773 | Atrophic AMD | 2.5 | |
| | Neovascular AMD | 1.5 | NS |
|
Chesapeake Bay, Waterman Study, USA [46] | 769 | Ever smokers versus never smokers | All AMD | 0.61 | (0.35–1.05) |
|
Prospective studies | | | | | | |
|
Blue Mountains Eye Study [111, 115] | 2335 | Current smoker versus never smoker | Geographic atrophy | 3.6 | 1.1–11.3 |
| Any late ARM | 2.5 | 1.0–6.2 |
|
Beaver Dam Eye Study [22, 116] | 2764 | Current smoker | Late ARM | 0.51 | 0.18–1.46 |
| Early ARM | 1.37 | 0.98–1.94 |
|
Pooled data: Beaver Dam Eye Study/Blue Mountains Eye Study/Rotterdam Study [23, 26] | 14752 | Current Smoker | Late ARM | 3.12 | 2.10–4.64 |
|
Pooled data: Beaver Dam Eye Study/Blue Mountains Eye Study/Rotterdam Study [23, 26] | 9523 | Current smoker | Late ARM | 2.35 | 1.30–4.27 |
|
Physician’s Health Study, USA [117] | | Current smokers 20/d versus never smokers | All AMD | 1.26 | 0.61–2.9 |
21157 | Current smokers 20/d versus never smokers | All AMD | 2.46 | 1.6–3.79 |
| Neovascular AMD | 1.95 | 0.89–4.2 |
|
Nurse’s Health Study, USA [118] | 31843 | Currrent smokers versus never smoked | All AMD | 1.7 | 1.2–2.50 |
|
Hisayama Study [50] | 961 | Current or ex-smoker | ARM | 2.2 | 1.14–4.33
|
Case-Control Studies | Case | Con | Current smokers versus never smokers | | | |
|
France [112] | 26 | 23 | | Neovascular AMD | 1.25 | 0.3–4.4 |
|
Eye Disease Case-Control Study [119] | 421 | 615 | | Neovascular AMD | 2.2 | 1.4–3.5 |
|
France [112] | 1844 | 1844 | | All ARM/AMD | 1.09 | 0.83–1.42 |
| Neovascular AMD | 2.97 | 1.0–8.84 |
|
Japan [120] | 56 | 82 | | Early ARM | 1.25 | 1.09–1.44 |
| Atrophic AMD | 1.61 | 1.06–2.42 |
|
Age-related Eye Disease Study [121] | 340 | 111 | | Neovascular AMD | 1.91 | 1.57–2.33 |
5 | |
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