Review Article

Risk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy

Table 3

Studies investigating the relationship between tobacco use and risk for ARM.

StudyNo. of casesOutcome measure/risk factorType of ARMOdds ratio or relative risk95% confidence interval

Cross-Sectional studies

Beaver Dam Eye Study [110]4771Current smokers versus ex-smokers or never smokersNeovascular AMD2.501.01–6.20 (Females)
3.291.03–10.50 (Males)

Blue Mountains Eye Study [24, 111]3654Current smoker versus current nonsmokerLate ARM3.922.07–7.41
Early ARM1.751.20–2.54

Pathologies Oculaires Liees a L’Age [112]2196Current smokersLate ARM3.61.1–12.4

Melbourne Visual Impairment Project [26]5147Smoked Cigarettes for longer than 40 yearsLate ARM2.391.02–5.57

Rotterdam Study [113]6174Current smokersNeovascular AMD6.62.8–15.9

Los Angeles Latino Eye Study [114]5875Ever smokedLate ARM2.41.03–5.4

Ever smoked versus never smokedAll AMD2.4 𝑃 < . 5
Copenhagen Study Denmark [39, 40]773Atrophic AMD2.5 𝑃 < . 5
Neovascular AMD1.5NS

Chesapeake Bay, Waterman Study, USA [46]769Ever smokers versus never smokersAll AMD0.61(0.35–1.05)

Prospective studies

Blue Mountains Eye Study [111, 115]2335Current smoker versus never smokerGeographic atrophy3.61.1–11.3
Any late ARM2.51.0–6.2

Beaver Dam Eye Study [22, 116]2764Current smokerLate ARM0.510.18–1.46
Early ARM1.370.98–1.94

Pooled data: Beaver Dam Eye Study/Blue Mountains Eye Study/Rotterdam Study [23, 26]14752Current SmokerLate ARM3.122.10–4.64

Pooled data: Beaver Dam Eye Study/Blue Mountains Eye Study/Rotterdam Study [23, 26]9523Current smokerLate ARM2.351.30–4.27

Physician’s Health Study, USA [117]Current smokers < 20/d versus never smokersAll AMD1.260.61–2.9
21157Current smokers > 20/d versus never smokersAll AMD2.461.6–3.79
Neovascular AMD1.950.89–4.2

Nurse’s Health Study, USA [118]31843Currrent smokers versus never smokedAll AMD1.71.2–2.50

Hisayama Study [50]961Current or ex-smokerARM2.21.14–4.33
Case-Control StudiesCaseConCurrent smokers versus never smokers

France [112]2623Neovascular AMD1.250.3–4.4

Eye Disease Case-Control Study [119]421615Neovascular AMD2.21.4–3.5

France [112]18441844All ARM/AMD1.090.83–1.42
Neovascular AMD2.971.0–8.84

Japan [120]5682Early ARM1.251.09–1.44
Atrophic AMD1.611.06–2.42

Age-related Eye Disease Study [121]340111Neovascular AMD1.911.57–2.33
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