RNA Interference Targeting Connective Tissue Growth Factor Inhibits the Transforming Growth Factor-<i>β</i><sub>2</sub> Induced Proliferation in Human Tenon Capsule Fibroblasts

Jing, Jiaona; Li, Ping; Li, Tiejun; Sun, Yuncheng; Guan, Huaijin

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/354798

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Genetic/Epigenetic Modulation, Ocular Diseases, and Therapeutic Prospective

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2013 | Article ID 354798 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/354798

RNA Interference Targeting Connective Tissue Growth Factor Inhibits the Transforming Growth Factor-β₂ Induced Proliferation in Human Tenon Capsule Fibroblasts

Jiaona Jing,^1,2Ping Li,¹Tiejun Li,^3,4Yuncheng Sun,^3,4and Huaijin Guan¹

Academic Editor: Lai Wei

Received26 Jun 2013

Accepted08 Sept 2013

Published28 Oct 2013

Abstract

Purpose. This study was to determine the effect of CTGF-small interfering RNA (siRNA) on TGF-β₂-induced proliferation in human Tenon capsule fibroblasts (HTFs). Methods. HTFs were transfected with four of CTGF-siRNAs separately for screening of gene silencing efficacy that was determined by transcript level measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Recombinant TGF-β₂ was added into the culture to stimulate the proliferation of HTFs. The gene silencing efficacy of the siRNAs was evaluated by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence of CTGF transcript and protein levels. The viability of HTFs was determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). FCM was used to assess cell cycle after CTGF-siRNA transfection. Results. The expression of CTGF and proliferation of HTFs were increased significantly by TGF-β₂ stimulation. The transfection of CTGF-siRNA abolished the upregulation of CTGF and cell proliferation induced by TGF-β₂. The analysis of cell cycle indicated that CTGF-siRNA treatment stimulated cells from S phase to G0/G1 phase in comparison with the inverse physiologic function of TGF-β₂. Conclusion. CTGF targeting siRNA could effectively suppress the expression of CTGF and attenuate the proliferation of HTFs. The siRNA approach may provide a therapeutic option for eliminating filtration bleb scarring after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS).

1. Introduction

Glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) is often required when medication fails to control intraocular pressure (IOP) adequately. Though this method has an immediate effect on reducing IOP, the long-term success is often impaired by the postoperative wound-healing process [1–3]. Previous studies have shown that human Tenon capsule fibroblasts (HTFs) located in the incision area play a major role in scar formation via the proliferation, migration, and synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) [4, 5]. Although antiscarring agents such as mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil can prevent postoperative scarring and improve the success rate of trabeculectomy, their application is associated with relatively less specificity and an increased incidence of severe complications [6, 7].

Cytokines play crucial roles in scar formation of the bleb [8]. Among the cytokines, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is an important profibrotic factor and is found in aqueous humor and other eye tissue [9–11]. TGF-β₂ plays an important role in bleb scarring, which is one of the major reasons for the failure of GFS [12]. However, the completed suppression of TGF-β may result in significant adverse side effects because it plays broad physiological functions such as intercellular signaling and immune regulation [13]. Moreover, the existence of certain levels of antiproliferative mechanisms is required for homeostasis of epithelial cells and tumor suppression. Therefore, it is necessary to search for an alternative target for antifibrotic therapy after trabeculectomy.

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a secreted peptide which acts as a downstream mediator of TGF-β, and thus, also as a profibrotic factor [13]. Without blocking other physiological effects on TGF-β such as suppression on epithelial cells’ growth and modulation of immune or inflammatory cells, inhibition of CTGF might specifically suppress the tissue scarring. In fibroblasts, CTGF is crucial in pathological fibrosis by promoting fibroblast proliferation, inducing ECM remodeling, and initiating myofibroblast differentiation [14, 15]. CTGF also stimulates chemotaxis and the expression of integrin, promotes endothelial cell growth, migration, adhesion and survival, and is thus implicated in endothelial cell function and angiogenesis [13]. The increase of CTGF expression has been proved to have contributed to many ocular fibrosis diseases including pterygium, cataract, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy [16–18].

RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionally conserved mechanism for regulating targeted gene expression [19]. RNAi is initiated by the conversion of double strain RNA into 21–23 nucleotide fragments, termed small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) [20]. In this process, siRNAs subsequently degrade their target mRNA in a sequence-dependence manner. Synthesized siRNA has been extensively used for manipulating gene expression in vitro and in vivo [20, 21]. The therapeutic application of siRNA has opened a new avenue for drug development for various diseases including ocular disorders [22, 23].

In this study, we tested the effect of synthesized CTGF-siRNA on the inhibition of CTGF expression and proliferation of HTFs stimulated by TGF-β₂.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Cell Culture and Identification

Human subconjunctival Tenon capsule samples were obtained from individuals undergoing strabismus surgery. The human tissue was used in strict accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and institutional human experimentation committee approval was granted. Each donor signed informed written consent. The patients had no history of systemic or conjunctival diseases and did not take any topical ocular medications. HTFs were obtained as an expansion culture of the Tenon capsule explants of 1 × 1 cm³ and were propagated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 15% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, Missouri, USA) in 5% CO₂ humidified atmosphere at 37°C. HTFs of passage 3 to 6 were used in the experiments. Cells were identified by immunocytochemistry of fibroblast marker, vimentin, (monoclonal antivimentin from Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and epithelial cells marker, keratin (monoclonal antikeratin from Cell Signaling, Beverly, MA, USA).

2.2. CTGF-siRNA Sequences

siRNAs were derived from the coding region of the human CTGF gene (NM_001901). The design was based on the software (siRNA Target Finder) from Ambion (Austin, TX, USA), and the sequences were BLASTed against the Genbank for excluding potential homologs. The target sequences (5′ to 3′) and the duplexes of 4 relevant siRNAs are listed in Table 1. These siRNAs were synthesized and purified by Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). In addition, a FAM-labeled nonspecific siRNA (Biomics, Nantong, China) was used for evaluating efficacy of transfection and as control siRNA as well.

2.3. siRNA Transfection and TGF-β₂ Treatment

The cells were seeded in plates with a density of 4 × 10⁵ cells/mL in the complete culture medium without antibiotics. After 24 h, the culture media were then replaced with DMEM without both antibiotics and serum for 2 hours before transfection. The HTFs were transfected with CTGF-siRNA (50 nM) or control siRNA (50 nM) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. After 24 h, the medium was replaced with the antibiotic- /serum-free DMEM with or without human TGF-β₂ (5 ng/mL) (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA). The cells were harvested after 24 or 48 h of the treatment. The controls HTFs were either untreated or treated with Lipofectamine 2000 only.

2.4. Transfection Efficiency of siRNA

A FAM-labeled control siRNA (green fluorescence) was used for verifying transfection efficiency. The siRNA was transfected as described above. The transfection efficacy was evaluated by observation of the green fluorescence cells versus total cells using fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). The untreated HTFs were used as control. For flow cytometry, at least 1 × 10⁴ cells in each sample were analyzed. The experiments were repeated for at least 3 times.

2.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR

Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine the level of CTGF mRNA of HTFs after various treatments. Total RNA was isolated from HTFs using RISO reagent (Biomics, Nantong, China) and treated with DNase I. cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcriptase from total RNA with oligo-d (T) primers. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed with the Bio-Rad IQ5 real-time PCR detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) using the SYBR Master mixture (Biomics, Nantong, China). The PCR reactions were performed in triplicate on each cDNA template along with triplicate reactions of a housekeeping gene, GAPDH. We used the following primers: for CTGF, forward (5′-ACTATGATTAGAGCCAACTG-3′) and reverse (5′-TGTTCTCTTCCAGGTCAG-3′); for GAPDH, forward (5′-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3′) and reverse (5′-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3′). The specific amplification was verified by melting curve analysis. The data were normalized against GAPDH. The expression levels were determined using the method (IQ5 software version 2.0, Bio-Rad) and presented as fold changes. Experiments were performed in triplicate with 3 biological samples from each treatment.

2.6. Immunocytochemistry

HTFs were seeded in coverslips before transfection of siRNA. After being stimulated by TGF-β₂ for 48 h, the cells on coverslips were washed three times with PBS and fixed with freshly prepared 4% paraformaldehyde solution in 0.01 M PBS for 30 min at room temperature. The fixed samples were incubated with primary antibodies: mouse monoclonal antivimentin (1 : 50 dilution), mouse monoclonal antikeratin (1 : 400 dilution), or mouse monoclonal anti-CTGF (1 : 100 dilution, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) overnight at 4°C in a humidified chamber. After being washed three times with PBS, the samples were further reacted with second antibodies: Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse (1 : 200 dilution, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) for 2 h at 37°C and counterstained with 5 μg/mL of Hoechst 33342 (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, Missouri, USA). The cells were viewed and photographed under a fluorescence microscope.

2.7. CCK-8 Assay

The effect of CTGF-siRNA on HTFs viability after TGF-β₂ treatment was determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8, Biomics, Nantong, China) assay. This assay is based on the cleavage of the tetrazolium salt WST-8 by mitochondrial dehydrogenase in viable cells. After various treatments, HTFs in an exponential phase of growth were harvested and seeded in five 96-well plates at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells/mL in a total volume of 100 μL per well. After 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of incubation, the viability of HTFs was analyzed by CCK-8 assay. The media were replaced by 100 μL of DMEM containing CCK-8 (10 μL) to each well. After 3.5 h of incubation at 37°C, the absorbance at 450 nm was measured with a Thermomax microplate reader. The experiment was repeated three times.

2.8. Flow Cytometry

After being transfected with siRNA and treated with TGF-β₂ for 48 h, cell cycle was checked by flow cytometry. The HTFs were collected by trypsinization and washed twice with PBS before being resuspended at 1 × 10⁶ cells/mL in PBS and fixed in 70% ice-cold ethanol (v/v) overnight at 4°C. Fixed cells were stained with 0.5 mL of propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, Missouri, USA)/RNase staining buffer (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA, USA) in the dark at 4°C for 30 min. The numbers of cells at G0/G1, S, and G2/M fractions were analyzed using a flow cytometer (BD FACSCalibur, BD Bioscience, USA). Proliferation index was calculated according to .

2.9. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (SPSS V 14.0; SPSS Inc). All results are presented as the mean ± SD. One way ANOVA was performed for comparing the differences among groups. Differences with were considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Identification of Human Tenon Capsule Fibroblasts

Vimentin and keratin are cell surface markers for fibroblast and epithelium respectively. The cultured cells were stained positive for vimentin and negative for keratin (Figure 1). The results excluded the possible contamination of conjunctival epithelia during the cell culture.

3.2. Transfection Efficiency of siRNA

The results indicated that most HTFs displayed green fluorescence after the transfection of FAM-labeled control siRNA (Figure 2(a)). HTFs showed the highest transfection efficiency of siRNA by being observed under fluorescence microscopy. The transfection was efficient in that 83.7% of the cells displayed green fluorescence detected by FCM (data not shown) (Figure 2(b)). The transfection efficiency implied that Lipofectamine 2000 could effectively introduce siRNA into HTFs.

(a)

(b)

3.3. Suppression of CTGF mRNA Expression

After TGF-β₂ induction, the HTFs transfected with CTGF-siRNA1, CTGF-siRNA3, or CTGF-siRNA4 but not CTGF-siRNA2 demonstrated the reduced CTGF gene expression. A 57.9% reduction in CTGF transcript level was observed after being transfected with CTGF-siRNA1 (), while CTGF-siRNA3 and CTGF-siRNA4 caused 27.3% () and 28.4% () reductions of the CTGF transcript levels, respectively, (Figure 3(a)) in comparison with that from HTFs without transfection. Therefore, CTGF-siRNA1 was used in follow-up experiments, named CTGF-siRNA. The CTGF mRNA level increased significantly after TGF-β₂ treatment for 24 h compared with that of TGF-β₂(−) group (, Figure 3(b)). There was no significant difference among the control siRNA group, Lipofectamine 2000 group, and the control group stimulated with TGF-β₂ (Figure 3(b)).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3

siRNA inhibition of CTGF mRNA expression. Serum starved HTFs were transfected with CTGF-siRNAs (siRNA1–siRNA5) or control siRNA, respectively, before being stimulated with TGF-β ₂ for 24 h. (a) Comparison of relative expression of CTGF mRNA in cultured HTFs transfected with different siRNAs. Data were from three experiments. *, ** versus TGF-β ₂(+). (b) Comparison of transcription levels of CTGF in HTFs under different conditions. Data were from three experiments. ^# versus HTFs stimulated without TGF-β ₂ in control group. * versus HTFs treated with TGF-β ₂ only.

3.4. Suppression of CTGF Protein Expression

The effect of the CTGF-siRNA on expression of CTGF protein was determined by immunocytochemical staining. As shown in Figure 4, control HTFs exhibited a weak green punctiform staining in the cytoplasm. After treatment with TGF-β₂, a distinguished strong pattern of punctuate patches of staining was displayed in cells, indicating enhanced CTGF expression. The treatment of CTGF-siRNA with the TGF-β₂ stimulated cells led to a considerable reduction of fluorescence staining intensity compared with that of TGF-β₂(+) group. HTFs treated with control siRNA exhibited a similar staining intensity and pattern as that of the TGF-β₂ treated cells.

3.5. CTGF-siRNA Inhibits Viability of HTFs

The viability of HTFs was detected by CCK-8. As shown in Figure 5, the cell growth showed that exogenous TGF-β₂ might offer a growth advantage for HTFs. In contrast to only TGF-β₂ stimulation group, the CTGF-siRNA treatment reduced the viability of TGF-β₂ stimulated cells by 7.88% () and 10.11% () at the time points of 48 h and 72 h, respectively. After TGF-β₂ treatment, the cell viability of HTFs treated with control siRNA or Lipofectamine 2000 was similar to that of TGF-β₂-treated cells, indicating a low cytotoxicity by Lipofectamine 2000. There was no significant difference in HTFs viability between the TGF-β₂(+) group and the CTGF-siRNA group () at the time points of 24 h and 96 h. This indicated that CTGF-siRNA could effectively inhibit the proliferation of HTFs at the time points of 48 h and 72 h.

3.6. Effect of CTGF-siRNA on Cell Cycle

The effect of CTGF-siRNA on the cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry (Table 2). The percentage of HTFs in G0/G1 phase in the TGF-β₂(+) group (88.290 ± 0.335%) was significantly reduced compared with the control group (94.917 ± 1.063%) () and was higher in the CTGF-siRNA group (91.177 ± 1.064%) than the TGF-β₂(+) group (). On the contrary, the percentage of HTFs in S phase in the TGF-β₂(+) group (9.037 ± 0.258%) was increased compared with the control group (1.613 ± 0.372%) () and was lower in the CTGF-siRNA group (5.410 ± 0.589%) than the TGF-β₂(+) group (). There was no significant difference between the TGF-β₂(+) group and the control siRNA group in G0/G1 phase or S phase ().

Flow cytometry showed that the cells treated with TGF-β₂ had a higher value in proliferation index (PI) than the control group () (Figure 6). However, the pretreatment with CTGF-siRNA decreased the PI of TGF-β₂ treated cells ().

4. Discussion

The scar formation after GFS is consistent with the production of connective tissue during wound repairing. TGF-β is known to be the most potent growth factor involved in wound healing and also a key modulator in the process of bleb fibrosis [24–26]. There are three isoforms of TGF-β in human, and the level of TGF-β₂ is the highest in aqueous humor and other eye tissues. After filtering operations, aqueous humor comes into direct contact with the connective tissue of the subconjunctiva and stimulates fibroblasts proliferation. This might be responsible for the failure of trabeculectomy. Our study shows that HTFs treated with TGF-β₂ had increased viability. These cells also had an increased portion in S phase, a decreased portion in G0/G1 phase, and higher value in PI than the control group. These results indicated that TGF-β₂ could promote the proliferation of HTFs significantly. Recent studies have proved that treating TGF-β₂ with monoclonal antibodies or antisense nucleotides could inhibit fibroblast proliferation and prolong the survival of experimental filtering blebs in animal models [27, 28].

Researches have suggested that CTGF may mediate the key actions of TGF-β in scar formation, such as stimulation of cell proliferation, extracellular matrix protein synthesis, and myofibroblast differentiation in fibroblasts [29–32]. Blockade of CTGF expression or its function may effectively inhibit the effects of TGF-β. Treating CTGF with antisense oligonucleotides or neutralizing antibodies could decrease TGF-β-mediated collagen synthesis in human corneal fibroblast. CTGF antisense oligodeoxynucleotide could inhibit TGF-β₁-mediated myofibroblast differentiation and corneal-fibroblast-seeded collagen lattices (FSCL) contraction [33, 34]. In our study, we further illustrated that siRNA targeting CTGF could attenuate the proliferation of HTFs.

Double-stranded siRNA is an effective approach to induce gene silencing in cells [35]. Inhibition of gene expression through siRNA is superior to conventional gene-blocking approaches due to the following reasons: (1) inhibitory effect is more potent and stable [36, 37]; (2) targeting of gene expression is more specific [38]; (3) blocking efficacy can be passed on for multiple generations [37]. Therefore, there are more potential clinical applications for siRNA [35]. Previous reports have shown that TGF-β₂ coupled with CTGF mediated the bleb-scarring process [8, 27, 39]. In the present study, we treated the normal HTFs with exogenous TGF-β₂ to simulate cell proliferation that mimic bleb formation after filtration surgery. We came to a conclusion that TGF-β₂ could increase the expression of CTGF in HTFs and this effect could be abolished by pretreatment with CTGF-siRNA.

The induction of proliferation by CTGF has been found in some mesenchymal cells [13]. Ishibuchi et al. demonstrated that the proliferation was constantly suppressed by CTGF-silencing in normal and systemic sclerosis fibroblast [40]. Another study also showed that CTGF induced cornea stroma fibroblasts proliferation [41]. In our study, the analysis of cell cycle revealed that CTGF-siRNA treatment resulted in an increased proportion in G0/G1 phase and an inverse one in S phase. The reduction of the viability of HTFs was also detected by CCK-8 assay. These results suggested that downregulation of CTGF expression could induce the cell cycle of HTFs to arrest in G0/G1 phase and might prevent its DNA synthesis, which might be the mechanism of inhibition of cell proliferation after transfection of siRNA-CTGF in HTFs. Some studies have also suggested that reduction of ECM accumulation may attenuate cell proliferation. To validate this hypothesis, the effect of CTGF-siRNA on ECM in HTFs and the relationship between ECM and proliferation are needed to be conducted.

5. Conclusions

In summary, we showed that siRNA targeting CTGF could be successfully transfected into HTFs in vitro and could subsequently inhibit the proliferation of HTFs. These results suggested that specific inhibitors of CTGF could have beneficial effects on preventing pathogenic fibrosis in bleb after glaucoma filtration surgery.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by Research Fund of Nantong University, China.

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Copyright © 2013 Jiaona Jing et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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