Review Article

Ocular Complications in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis of Reported Cases

Table 1

Clinical features of ocular DLE in each study.

Reference/countryStudy designAge (years)Ratio F : MRatio
Monolateral : Bilateral
Ocular manifestationRatio ANA P : NTreatmentDuration before diagnosis

Feiler Ofry et al. (1979), Israel [17]CR171 : 00 : 1BlepharoconjunctivitisHydroxychloroquine
500 mg/day
48

Huey et al. (1983), USA [18]CS28.2 ± 5.56 : 10 : 7Blepharoconjunctivitis48.2 ± 29.9

Donzis et al. (1984), USA [19]CR39.5 ± 3.51 : 12 : 0Periorbital edema; lid lesions0 : 1Hydroxychloroquine7 ± 7

Tosti et al. (1987), Italy [20]CS53.3 ± 8.52 : 12 : 1Blepharitis0 : 3Chloroquine phosphate36 ± 33.9

Ziv et al. (1986), Israel [21]CR361 : 00 : 1Eyelid plaque0 : 1Hydroxychloroquine
500 mg/day;
intralesional corticosteroid
84

Raizman and Baum (1989), USA [23]CS51 ± 16.91 : 12 : 0Stromal keratitis1 : 0Prednisolone acetate 1% eye drops1

Meiusi et al. (1991), USA [24] CR290 : 11 : 0Lid lesion48

Cyran et al. (1992), USA [26]CS48 ± 4.22 : 01 : 1Periorbital edema and erythema1 : 1Quinacrine 100 mg/day; hydroxychloroquine
200 mg twice;
prednisone 40 mg/day
62 ± 82

Bettis et al. (1993), USA [27]CR210 : 10 : 1Blepharitis1 : 0

Gloor et al. (1997), USA [28]CS42 ± 8.42.01 : 1Blepharitis1 : 0Hydroxychloroquine32 ± 36.7

Uy et al. (1999), USA [29]CR581 : 00 : 1Hypertrophic conjunctival massHydroxychloroquine180

Williams and Ramos-Caro (1999), USA [30]CR361 : 00 : 1Periorbital mucinosis1 : 0Prednisone 60 mg/day;
hydroxychloroquine 250 mg twice a day
12

Akagi et al. (1999), Japan [31]CS61 ± 2.82.00 : 2Plaque periocular regions1 : 0No treatment/spontaneous resolution9 ± 4.2

Gasior-Chrzan and Ingvarsson (1999), Norway [32]CR66.5 ± 7.72 : 01 : 1Blepharitis0 : 2Hydroxychloroquine
200 mg twice
42 ± 25.4

Galeone et al. (2014), Italy [33]CR331 : 01 : 0Blepharitis; lid lesion1 : 0Hydroxychloroquine36

Thorne et al. (2002), USA [34]CS51.5 ± 34.62 : 00 : 2Blepharitis; symblepharon2 : 0Hydroxychloroquine;
prednisolone 50 mg a day
31.5 ± 40.3

Acharya et al. (2005), USA [35]CS43 ± 12.274 : 15 : 0Chronic blepharoconjunctivitis0 : 5Hydroxychloroquine106 ± 129.59

Giménez-García et al. (2005), Spain [36]CR230 : 10 : 1Blepharitis0 : 1Hydroxychloroquine 250 mg/day

Ena et al. (2005), Italy [37]CR251 : 00 : 1BlepharitisHydroxychloroquine24

Au (2006), UK [38]CR390 : 11 : 0BlepharitisTopical corticosteroid4

Pandhi et al. (2006), India [39]CS47.5 ± 3.51 : 10 : 2Blepharoconjunctivitis1 : 1Hydroxychloroquine
500 mg/day

Koga et al. (2006), Japan [40]CR391 : 01 : 0Lid erosive erythema0 : 1Prednisolone
10 mg/day
144

Gunasekera et al. (2008), UK [41]CR241 : 01 : 0Lid lesionHydroxychloroquine
200 mg twice
2

Ricotti et al. (2008), USA [42]CR381 : 01 : 0Lid lesion and edema0 : 1Mycophenolate mofetil 1 g twice daily and hydroxychloroquine60

Vukicevici and Milobratovic (2010), Serbia [43]CR561 : 01 : 0Blepharoconjunctivitis1 : 0Hydroxychloroquine
500 mg/day

Yaghoobi et al. (2010), Iran [44]CR281 : 00 : 1BlepharitisHydroxychloroquine24

Papalas et al. (2011), USA [45]CS52.1 ± 17.17 : 17 : 1Eyelid lesions and plaques CO2 laser; topical corticosteroid and ointment26.3 ± 21.2

Serarslan et al. (2011), Turkey [46]CR331 : 01 : 0Periorbital edema and erythema0 : 1Hydroxychloroquine
200 mg twice
24

Gupta et al. (2012), UK [47]CS46.8 ± 146 : 14 : 3Periorbital swelling; blepharitis1.4Hydroxychloroquine;
spontaneous resolution;
intralesional corticosteroid
37.57 ± 28.78

Erras et al. (2012), Morocco [48]CR261 : 00 : 1Eyelid swelling0 : 1Hydroxychloroquine

Ghauri et al. (2012), UK [49]CS43.5 ± 9.74 : 04 : 0Blepharitis; lid lesionHydroxychloroquine68.25 ± 67.2

Kopsachilis et al. (2013), Greece [50]CR451 : 00 : 1BlepharitisHydroxychloroquine
200 mg twice
144

Arrico et al. (2014), Italy [51]CR371 : 01 : 0Proptosis and orbital myositis1 : 0Methylprednisolone (1 g/day) for 3 days followed
by oral prednisolone 20 mg/day

Kono et al. (2014), Japan [52]CR421 : 00 : 1Orbital myositis1 : 0Methylprednisolone
1 g/day for three days followed by oral prednisolone
20 mg/day
120

CR: case report; CS: case series; F: female; M: male; P: positive; N: negative.
Dosage not specified.