A Novel Review of the Evidence Linking Myopia and High Intelligence

Table 1

Description of key elements and validity of main intelligence tests.

Test	Developer	Format	Age	Areas tested	Scientific reliability and validity
Raven Progressive Matrix Test; [16]	John C. Raven	Nonverbal; 60 multiple choice questions	5–elderly	General intelligence; educational ability	Demonstrates good convergent validity and slightly impaired discriminant validity [17, 18]
Otis Test; [19]	Arthur Simon Otis	Multiple choice—verbal and non-verbal areas tested; 21 subtests organised into five areas (comprehension, verbal reasoning, pictorial reasoning, quantitative reasoning, figural reasoning)	Pre-kinder–18	Verbal, quantitative, and spatial reasoning ability	Easy to administer but some concerns about less reliable accuracy at higher levels [19]
Stanford-Binet IQ Test; [20]	Alfred Binet; Theodore Simon	Verbal and nonverbal subtests; Tests five different areas	2–85+	Knowledge; Quantitative reasoning; Visual-spatial reasoning; Memory; Fluid reasoning	Substantial split-life reliability compared to other tests [21]; High precision at advanced levels of testing [21]; High level of construct and comparative validity [21]
California Test of Mental Maturity; [22]	Elizabeth Sullivan; Willis Clark; Ernest Tiegs	253 items in 16 subtests over 2 45 minute periods	5+	Logical reasoning; Spatial ability; Verbal ability; Numerical ability; Memory	Some concerns about difficulty of items and validity in extrapolating results to predict school performance [23, 24]; Outdated test
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; [25]	David Wechsler	Verbal test taking 48–65 minutes	6–15	Verbal comprehension; Visual spatial; Fluid reasoning; Working memory; Speed processing	High levels of convergent, construct, and discriminant validity [26]