Research Article

The Association between Female Reproductive Factors and Open-Angle Glaucoma in Korean Women: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V

Table 2

Univariate and age-adjusted logistic regression analyses for the association between factors and open-angle glaucoma in all participants and participants with natural menopause.

All participantsUnivariateAge-adjusted
OR (95% CI) valueOR (95% CI) value

Age, per year1.04 (1.03–1.06)<0.001
Age at menarche, years
 13–16 yearsReference0.145Reference0.126
 ≤12 years1.03 (0.53–2.03)1.39 (0.70–2.74)
 ≥17 years1.29 (1.00–1.67)0.80 (0.62–1.04)
Early menopause (<45 years) (%)1.56 (1.03–2.35)0.0351.41 (0.91–2.16)0.122
Parity1.15 (1.10–1.20)<0.0011.01 (0.96–1.07)0.627
Reproductive years1.00 (0.97–1.03)0.8041.01 (0.98–1.04)0.396
Hypertension (%)2.10 (1.59–2.76)<0.0011.33 (0.99–1.80)0.015
Diabetes mellitus (%)2.17 (1.53–3.07)<0.0011.54 (1.07–2.22)0.021
Oral contraceptives use (ever, %)0.89 (0.63–1.26)0.5150.75 (0.52–1.06)0.099
 ≥3 years1.06 (0.48–2.36)0.8820.94 (0.42–2.11)0.875
Hormone replacement (ever, %)0.90 (0.58–1.39)0.6250.90 (0.58–1.39)0.623
Myopia (%)1.21 (0.90–1.64)0.2101.69 (1.24–2.31)0.001
Body mass index0.99 (0.95–1.03)0.5520.98 (0.95–1.02)0.390
Lactation (ever, %)1.21 (0.85–1.83)0.2590.68 (0.45–1.04)0.106

Participants with natural menopause
Age, per year1.04 (1.02–1.05)<0.001
Age at menarche, years
 13–16 yearsReference0.335Reference0.041
 ≤12 years1.70 (0.74–3.90)1.94 (0.85–4.47)
 ≥17 years0.94 (0.70–1.26)0.79 (0.59–1.06)
Early menopause (<45 years) (%)2.40 (1.50–3.83)<0.0011.88 (1.11–3.19)0.019
Number of parity1.08 (1.03–1.14)0.0031.01 (0.95–1.07)0.808
Reproductive years, years1.00 (0.96–1.03)0.8461.01 (0.98–1.05)0.439
Hypertension (%)1.57 (1.15–2.13)0.0051.24 (0.89–1.73)0.200
Diabetes mellitus (%)1.47 (0.95–2.28)0.0851.27 (0.82–1.98)0.114
Oral contraceptives use (ever, %)0.82 (0.56–1.19)0.2860.80 (0.55–1.16)0.239
 ≥3 years1.04 (0.45–2.40)0.9361.02 (0.44–2.37)0.961
Hormone replacement (ever, %)0.86 (0.54–1.37)0.5221.06 (0.66–1.70)0.805
Myopia (%)1.53 (1.06–2.21)0.0221.59 (1.10–2.32)0.015
Body mass index0.98 (0.94–1.03)0.4860.99 (0.94–1.03)0.587
Lactation (ever, %)0.92 (0.53–1.60)0.7750.68 (0.38–1.19)0.176

CI = confidence interval.