Comparison of Autorefraction and Photorefraction with and without Cycloplegia Using 1% Tropicamide in Preschool Children

Table 3

Differences in mean spherical equivalent, mean spherical power, mean cylindrical power, and mean cylindrical axis values obtained that were by photorefraction with cycloplegia and autorefraction with cycloplegia.

Refractive parameter	Photorefraction with cycloplegia/autorefraction with cycloplegia
	Mean ± SD	Range
DSE, D	0.78 ± 1.00	–2.63 to 3.37	<0.001
DS, D	0.73 ± 1.04	–3.00 to 3.50	<0.001
DC, D	0.09 ± 0.48	–2.25 to 1.00	0.79
DA, D	0.27 ± 0.25	0.00 to 0.97	NA

D: diopters; SD: standard deviation; DSE: difference in mean spherical equivalent; DS: difference in mean spherical power; DC: difference in mean cylindrical power; ; NA: not applicable.