Prevalence, Causes, and Factors Associated with Visual Impairment and Blindness among Registered Pensioners in Ghana

Table 5

Factors associated with blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among pensioners in Ghana.

	Crude odds ratio	95% confidence interval	value
Sex
Male	1.3	1.1–1.5	<0.0005
Female	—	—
Age in years
<65	—	—
65–69	1.3	1.1–1.6	<0.0001
70–74	2.5	2.0–3.0
75–79	4.0	3.1–5.1
≥80	5.2	3.5–7.5
Highest formal education
No formal education	2.7	1.7–4.1	<0.0001
Primary	1.4	0.9–2.1
Secondary	1.3	0.8–2.0
Tertiary	1.0	0.7–1.5
Vocational	-	—
Body mass index WHO classification
Underweight	1.7	1.3–2.2	<0.0001
Normal	—	—
Overweight	0.7	0.6–0.8
Obese	0.6	0.5–0.9
Vegetarian
Nonvegetarian
Vegetarian	1.8	1.2–2.8	<0.001
History of arthritis
No arthritis
Had arthritis	1.2	1.0–1.4	<0.05
Social class by previous occupation
I (professional)	—	—	<0.0001
II (managerial/technical)	1.1	0.8–1.5
III (N; skilled nonmanual)	1.0	0.7–1.3
III (M; skilled manual)	1.3	0.9–1.8
IV (partly skilled)	1.6	1.4–2.1
V (unskilled)	1.9	1.3–2.6
Serum triglyceride level
Normal
Raised	0.7	0.5–1.0	<0.05
Serum Ldl level
Normal
Raised	0.8	0.6–09	<0.05
Serum total cholesterol level
Normal
Raised	0.8	0.6–0.9	<0.05
Urine proteins
Negative	—	—	<0.0005
Trace	1.3	1.1–1.7
Positive (+, ++, +++, ++++)	1.5	1.2–1.9