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Patient groups | 24-hour IOP rhythm | Mean IOP (mmHg) | Short-term IOPf (mmHg) | Potential progression-predicting parameters | Other IOP characteristics |
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Normal control | Spikes upon waking [34], peaks in the morning and early afternoon, troughs in the afternoon and at night [6, 19, 33] | 14.7 ± 2.8 [32] | 4–6 [9] | — | — |
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Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) | Highest in the morning [19, 59], gradually decreases over the day, and lowest by midnight [17] with more frequent morning peaks (esp. 12 a.m. to 6 a.m.) [57] | 17.6 ± 3.2 [58]; 19.9 ± 4.3 [57] | 8.31 ± 2.58 [6, 19, 39]; 9.1 ± 3.6 [57] | Short-term IOPf and long-term IOPf [19, 33, 43, 44, 51, 58, 63–65], number of long peaks [1, 48], mean peak ratio [1, 48] | Peak IOP in 73.5% of patients was outside working hours [57] |
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Secondary open-angle glaucoma (e.g. XFG) | Pressure peak in the afternoon [44, 61] | 20.3 ± 3.9 [60] | Greater than POAG (>15 in 35% of XFG and 7.5% of POAG) [19, 36] | Mean IOP [43], short-term IOPf [43] | Peak IOP in 45% of untreated XFG was outside working hours [33, 36], XFG exhibits greater peak and trough IOP than POAG [19, 36, 62] |
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Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) | Either diurnal or nocturnal pressure spike [68, 69], peak IOP in nocturnal hours in more than half of patients [66, 70] | 11.5 ± 2.4 [66]; 17.8 ± 1.6 [67] | 4.4 ± 1.6 [6] | Short-term IOPf [51, 71], long-term IOPf [6, 80], mean IOP [54, 68], minimal IOP value [54, 68] | — |
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Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) | Highest in the morning, gradually decreases over the day, and lowest by midnight [39] | 29.9–45.8 [72] | 7.69 ± 3.03 (PACG following iridotomy) [39] | Short-term IOPf [73, 74] | Mean trough IOP and mean midnight IOP levels are higher in PACG than in POAG [17], degree of diurnal IOP fluctuation: PACG > PAC > PACS [73] |
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Ocular hypertension (OHT) | Decreases during the day and increases at night time with peaks at midnight [75] | 21.1–24.2 [75] | 6–8 [19, 35, 37, 76]; 6.8 [59] | Mean IOP [54, 78, 79, 81], peak IOP [54, 78, 79, 81], short-term IOPf [78], long-term IOPf [53] | — |
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