| Author | Publish year | Study design | No. of cases/control | Location | Adjustment/match | AMD classification | Follow-up | OR/RR/HR | CI | | Age |
| Pollack | 1996 | Cohort | 47/47 | Asia | — | Early AMD | 1 year | RR = 4.500 | 1.027–19.726 | 0.054 | 80.4 (67–94) |
| Lintje Ho | 2008 | Cohort | 6032 | Europe | Age, sex, follow-up time, and the correlation between eyes | AMD | 5.7 (2.8–9.7) | OR = 1.26 | 0.85–1.86 | — | ≥55 | Early AMD | | OR = 1.31 | 0.88–1.95 | Dry AMD | | OR = 3.44 | 1.68–7.08 | Wet AMD | | OR = 0.93 | 0.35–2.49 |
| Jie Jin Wang | 2003 | Cohort | 6019 | Oceania and North America (BDES and BMES) | Baseline age, gender, smoking status (current, past, and never), and preexisting early-stage ARM lesions at baseline | Late AMD | 5 years | OR = 5.7 | 2.4–13.6 | — | — | Dry AMD | OR = 4.5 | 1.4–14.7 | Wet AMD | OR = 4.9 | 1.9–12.4 | North America (BDES) | Late AMD | OR = 7.3 | 2.6–20.4 | Dry AMD | OR = 4.7 | 1.4–16.1 | Wet AMD | OR = 6.8 | 1.9–24.3 | Oceania (BMES) | Late AMD | OR = 4.2 | 1.0–17.5 | Dry AMD | OR = 7.6 | 1.1–55.0 | Wet AMD | OR = 3.1 | 0.7–13.2 |
| Sudha Cugati | 2006 | Cohort | 1952 | Oceania (BMES) | Age, gender, smoking | Early AMD | 10 years | OR = 1.25 | 0.69–2.25 | — | ≥49 | Age, gender, smoking, and presence of early ARM lesions | Late AMD | | OR = 3.31 | 1.11–9.87 | Dry AMD | | OR = 2.34 | 0.51–10.8 | Wet AMD | | OR = 3.42 | 1.07–10.91 |
| Jau-Der Ho | 2018 | Cohort | 3465/10395 | Asia | Patient’s geographical location, urbanization level, monthly income, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular and hyperlipidaemia | Wet AMD | 5 years | HR = 2.68 | 1.55–4.66 | <0.01 | 70.2 ± 9.6 |
| Helena Buch | 2005 | Cohort | 359 | Europe | Age, sex | AMD | 14 years | OR = 1.3 | 0.7–2.4 | — | 82.4 ± 4.63 (75–95) | Late AMD | OR = 1.6 | 0.8–3.2 |
| Emily Y. Chew | 2009 | Cohort | 6037 | America (AREDS) | Age, gender, race, smoking, AREDS treatment group, and eye-specific AMD severity status | Wet AMD | 5 years | OR = 0.76 | 0.44–1.30 | 0.31 | 55–80 | Dry MD | OR = 0.55 | 0.31–0.99 | 0.047 |
| Jie Jin Wang | 2012 | Cohort | 1178 | Oceania (CSAMD) | Baseline early AMD in models for late AMD outcome (paired comparison) | Late AMD | 3 years | OR = 0.74 | 0.23–2.36 | | ≥65 | Early AMD | OR = 1.07 | 0.74–1.65 | Jie Jin Wang | 2016 | Cohort | 2029 | Baseline early AMD in models for late AMD outcome (paired comparison) | Late AMD | 5 years | OR = 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | | Early AMD | OR = 0.7 | 0.5–1.1 |
| Ronald Klein | 2002 | Cohort | 2764 | North America (BDES) | Age, sex, vitamin use, smoking, drinking, and systolic blood pressure | AMD | 10 years | RR = 1.97 | 1.29–3.02 | <0.01 | 43–86 | Early AMD | RR = 1.36 | 0.82–2.23 | 0.23 | Late AMD | RR = 3.81 | 1.89–7.69 | <0.01 | Wet AMD | RR = 4.31 | 1.71–10.9 | <0.01 | Dry AMD | RR = 3.18 | 1.33–7.60 | <0.01 |
| Klein, B. E. | 2012 | Cohort | 3275 | North America (BDES) | Age, sex, education, smoking, drinking, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and diastolic blood pressure | Early AMD | 20 years | OR = 1.06 | 0.81–1.38 | 0.7 | 43–86 | 3585 | Late AMD | OR = 1.96 | 1.28–3.02 | 0.002 |
| Ronald Klein | 1998 | Cohort | 3684 | North America (BDES) | Age, smoking, beer consumption, drinking, pulse pressure, hypertension, and vitamin use | Early AMD | 5 years | OR = 1.73 | 0.93–3.21 | 0.08 | 43–86 | Late AMD | OR = 2.80 | 1.03–7.63 | 0.04 | ≥65 | Wet AMD | OR = 1.67 | 0.39–7.18 | 0.49 | ≥65 | Dry AMD | OR = 3.49 | 0.80–15.16 | 0.1 | ≥65 | AMD | OR = 2.57 | 1.61–4.11 | <0.001 | 43–86 |
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