Relationship between Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels and Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Biomarkers

Table 1

Demographics and clinical characteristics of DM type 2 patients included in the study. The table shows the comparison of means for each demographic and clinical finding for patients not affected (no DR) and affected by DR (NPDR and PDR).

Parameter	All DM type 2 participants		DR group
N or (mean ± SD)	No DR group	DR group	NPDR group	PDR group
Males/females	29/33	64/41	27/14	37/27
Age (mean in years)	61 ± 11.1	60 ± 10.2	63 ± 10.9	58 ± 9.6
BMI (kg/m^2)	29 ± 6.3	30 ± 5.3	30 ± 5.1	30 ± 5.6
HbA1c (%)	7.2 ± 1.6	8.1 ± 2.0	8.1 ± 1.8	8.1 ± 1.6
TC (mg/dL)	165 ± 45.8	178 ± 71.4	165 ± 54.4	186 ± 79.2
TGs (mg/dL)	178 ± 118.5	181 ± 112.2	167 ± 108.8	190 ± 112
HDL (mg/dL)	44 ± 13.4	40 ± 38.8	39 ± 20.5	40 ± 47.2
LDL (mg/dL)	101 ± 37.1	106 ± 49.0	96 ± 40.3	112 ± 52.8
Irisin (ng/mL)	174 ± 27.7	99 ± 27.5	114 ± 22.4	90 ± 25.6

values <0.05. DR: diabetic retinopathy. NPDR: nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy. BMI: body mass index. HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin. TC: total cholesterol. TGs: triglycerides. HDL: high-density lipoprotein. LDL: low-density lipoprotein.