Research Article
Visual Sequelae of Computer Vision Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Case-Control Study
Table 2
Univariate logistic regression analysis model of factors affecting the occurrence of computer vision syndrome.
| | Variable | No CSV N = 176 | CSV N = 557 | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | value |
| | Age/years | 21.4 ± 1.9 | 22.0 ± 1.4 | 1.3 (1.2 : 1.4) | <0.0001 | | Gender | | | | | | Males | 88 (50.0%) | 217 (39.0%) | 1 | | | Females | 88 (50.0%) | 340 (61.0%) | 1.6 (1.1 : 2.2) | 0.01 | | Total daily screen-hours | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 1.9 | 1.7 (1.5 : 2.0) | <0.0001 | | Screen-years | 4.1 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 1.9 | 1.2 (1.1 : 1.3) | <0.0001 | | Screen-time | | | | | | Day | 64 (36.4%) | 176 (31.6%) | 1 | | | Night | 112 (63.6%) | 381 (68.4%) | 1.2 (0.9 : 1.8) | 0.24 | | Screen-mode | | | | | | Interrupted | 127 (72.2%) | 452 (81.2%) | 1 | | | Continued | 49 (27.8%) | 105 (18.9%) | 0.6 (0.4 : 0.9) | 0.01 | | Commonest used screen | | | | | | Desktop computer screen | 59 (33.5%) | 36 (6.5%) | 1 | | | Apple smartphone | 20 (11.4%) | 77 (13.8%) | 6.3 (3.3 : 12.0) | <0.0001 | | Android smartphone | 57 (32.4%) | 340 (61.0%) | 9.8 (5.9 : 16.1) | <0.0001 | | Laptop | 37 (21.0%) | 92 (16.5%) | 4.1 (2.3 : 7.2) | <0.0001 | | iPad/tablet/other screens | 3 (1.7%) | 12 (2.2%) | 6.5 (1.7 : 24.8) | 0.01 | | Screen size | | | | | | Large | 93 (52.8%) | 258 (46.3%) | 1 | | | Medium/small | 83 (47.2%) | 299 (53.7%) | 1.3 (0.9 : 1.8) | 0.13 | | Screen-version | | | | | | New | 158 (89.8%) | 453 (81.3%) | 1 | | | Old | 18 (10.2%) | 104 (18.7%) | 2.0 (1.2 : 3.4) | 0.01 | | Screen brightness (%) | 43.3 ± 23.3 | 39.2 ± 24.5 | 0.99 (0.98 : 1.00) | 0.054 | | Study medicine using | | | | | | Books | 33 (18.8%) | 82 (14.7%) | 1 | | | Screens/both | 143 (81.2%) | 475 (85.3%) | 1.3 (0.9 : 2.1) | 0.20 | | Main screen-time purpose is | | | | | | Medicine | 112 (63.6%) | 249 (44.7%) | 1 2.2 (1.5 : 3.1) | | | Social | 64 (36.4%) | 308 (55.3%) | | <0.0001 | | Previous DED diagnosis | 14 (8.0%) | 84 (15.1%) | 2.1 (1.1 : 3.7) | 0.02 | | Refractive errors/wearing | 82 (46.6%) | 332 (59.6%) | 1.7 (1.2 : 2.4) | 0.003 | | Contact lenses wearer | 14 (8.0%) | 29 (5.2%) | 0.6 (0.3 : 1.2) | 0.18 | | Poor lighting conditions | 12 (6.8%) | 141 (25.3%) | 4.6 (2.5 : 8.6) | <0.0001 | | Watch screen in the dark | 36 (20.5%) | 211 (37.9%) | 2.4 (1.6 : 3.6) | <0.0001 | | Upper screen edge at/above horizontal eye level | 2 (1.1%) | 205 (36.8%) | 50.0 (12.4 : 206.4) | <0.0001 | | Close eye-screen distance | 14 (8.0%) | 298 (53.5%) | 13.3 (7.5 : 23.6) | <0.0001 | | Uncomfortable seating postures | 2 (1.1%) | 77 (13.8%) | 14.0 (3.4 : 57.4) | <0.0001 | | Texting with both thumbs | 10 (5.7%) | 201 (36.1%) | 9.4 (4.8 : 18.2) | <0.0001 | | Screen-glare | 2 (1.1%) | 43 (7.7%) | 7.3 (1.7 : 30.4) | 0.01 | | Poor screen-resolution or design | 2 (1.1%) | 49 (8.8%) | 8.4 (2.0 : 34.9) | 0.003 | | Small font size | 21 (11.9%) | 154 (27.7%) | 2.8 (1.7 : 4.6) | <0.0001 |
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