<i>Purpose</i>. To determine the intraocular levels of growth factors and cytokines in patients with various degrees of severity of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) using multiplex xMAP technology.<i> Methods</i>. A prospective cohort study of 61 eyes from 56 patients who were divided into 3 groups based on the severity of PDR. Patients in group number 1 are those who presented PDR with no need of repeated surgical intervention; patients in group number 2 had repeated vitreous bleeding; and patients in group number 3 had refractory neovascular glaucoma. The concentrations of proangiogenic, antiangiogenic, inflammatory, and neurotrophic factors were measured in intraocular fluid. The results were also compared with levels of factors measured in 50 eyes from 50 patients prior to senile cataract surgery (control group).<i> Results</i>. Patients with refractory neovascular glaucoma (the highest clinical severity group) had higher levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) (median1 37.19; median3 384.74; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129908pt" id="M1" height="9.21094pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 59.7809 9.21094" width="59.7809pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path id="g113-81" d="M600 480C600 590 528 650 384 650H143L137 622C222 614 225 607 210 531L130 127C113 41 106 36 23 28L17 0H294L300 28C204 36 195 42 212 127L243 284L314 263C327 263 339 263 352 264C465 271 600 337 600 480ZM508 481C508 351 402 304 329 304C289 304 265 311 250 317L295 559C302 594 310 606 323 611C335 616 350 619 367 619C455 619 508 573 508 481Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,26.976,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,46.486,0)"><path id="g113-58" d="M244 635C114 635 38 519 38 422C38 317 111 240 217 240C236 240 255 244 277 256L345 292C311 140 203 39 59 15L64 -15C89 -15 150 -5 204 17C339 72 440 202 440 386C440 521 368 635 244 635ZM228 602C326 602 352 479 352 390C352 370 351 347 348 324C327 308 293 296 258 296C174 296 124 369 124 458C124 517 152 602 228 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,52.99,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g></svg>), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF<i>&#x3b2;</i>-1) (median1 49.00; median3 414.40; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129908pt" id="M2" height="9.21094pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 53.2534 9.21094" width="53.2534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,26.976,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><path id="g113-50" d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,46.486,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g></svg>), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (median1 211.62; median3 352.82; <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2129908pt" id="M3" height="9.21094pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 53.2534 9.21094" width="53.2534pt"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-81"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,12.15,0)"><use xlink:href="#g117-34"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,23.887,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-47"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,26.976,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-49"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,33.48,0)"><path id="g113-53" d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,39.983,0)"><path id="g113-54" d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,46.486,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-53"/></g></svg>) compared with other PDR patients.<i> Conclusions</i>. Results of our study imply that levels of IL-6, TGF<i>&#x3b2;</i>-1, and VEGF correlate with the severity of PDR.

Stepan Rusnak

Jindra Vrzalova

Marketa Sobotova

Lenka Hecova

Renata Ricarova

Ondrej Topolcan

The Measurement of Intraocular Biomarkers in Various Stages of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using Multiplex xMAP Technology

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<p><em>Journal of Ophthalmology</em> publishes original research articles and&nbsp;review articles related to the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye.</p>


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<p>Chief Editor, Professor Steven Abcouwer, is a Research Professor in Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the University of Michigan, USA. His research is aimed at understanding the various mechanisms/processes that contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy.</p>


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Journal of Ophthalmology

Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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<p>We invite investigators to contribute original research articles as well as review articles that will stimulate the continuing
      efforts to understand the molecular biology and the development of new treatments for ocular angiogenesis. In this special
      issue we will bring novel research and discuss challenges in developing therapeutics for ocular neovascular diseases, angiogenesis
      and its role in ocular diseases, and the mechanisms leading to progressive vessel dysfunction and blindness.
   </p><p>We are particularly interested in articles describing clinical and experimental studies of ocular angiogenesis, advances in
      molecular biology, and new insights into retinal and corneal and choroidal neovascularizations using animal models and current
      concepts in the treatment of ocular angiogenesis.
   </p><p>Potential topics include, but are not limited to:</p><ul class="li_special"><li>New treatments of ocular angiogenesis</li><li>Latest technologies for clinical evaluation and measuring outcomes</li><li>Role of inflammation in ocular angiogenesis</li><li>Role of extracellular matrix and cell surface molecules in ocular angiogenesis</li><li>Diabetic retinopathy neovascularization</li><li>Age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization</li><li>Mediators of ocular angiogenesis</li><li>Retinal neovascularization disease mechanisms </li><li>Choroidal neovascularization disease mechanisms</li><li>Corneal neovascularization disease mechanisms</li><li>Recent advances in ocular drug delivery</li><li>Novel imaging technologies</li><li>Role of neovascularization in retinopathy of prematurity</li><li>Gene therapy for ocular angiogenesis </li><li>Anti-VEGF therapy</li><li>Angiogenesis in vascular occlusive diseases</li></ul>

Journal of Ophthalmology

Ocular Angiogenesis

Ocular Angiogenesis

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The Measurement of Intraocular Biomarkers in Various Stages of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using Multiplex xMAP Technology