Double Flight-Modes Particle Swarm Optimization

Figure 3

The median convergence characteristics of 50D test functions: (a) Schwefel’s function, (b) Rastrigin’s function, (c) Step function, (d) Ackley’s function, (e) Sphere function, and (f) Griewank’s function.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)