Dropouts and Compliance in Exercise Interventions Targeting Bone Mineral Density in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Table 2
Moderator analyses (mixed effects) for dropouts and compliance.
Variable
Dropouts (exercise)
Dropouts (control)
Compliance
No. ES/P
(95% CI)
()
No. ES/P
(95% CI)
()
No. ES/P
(95% CI)
()
Country
USA
18/732
0.29 (0.20, 0.39)
4.5 (0.03)
*
15/606
0.23 (0.15, 0.35)
4.5 (0.03)
*
9/565
0.74 (0.65, 0.82)
0.40(0.53)
Other
33/1123
0.18 (0.14, 0.23)
24/836
0.13 (0.10, 0.17)
22/752
0.77 (0.72, 0.82)
Gender
Females
44/1601
0.23 (0.18, 0.28)
18.1 (<0.0001)
*
33/1236
0.17 (0.13, 0.23)
9.3 (0.002)
*
26/1101
0.78 (0.72, 0.82)
6.4 (0.01)
*
Males
5/159
0.04 (0.02, 0.09)
4/129
0.05 (0.02, 0.10)
3/121
0.65 (0.56, 0.73)
Menopausal status
Premenopausal
10/448
0.40 (0.28, 0.53)
12.1 (0.001)
*
7/358
0.32 (0.18, 0.50)
6.5 (0.01)
*
7/337
0.74 (0.61, 0.84)
0.92(0.34)
Postmenopausal
32/1147
0.18 (0.14, 0.23)
25/885
0.14 (0.12, 0.17)
19/810
0.80 (0.75, 0.84)
Type of exercise
Aerobic
14/386
0.19 (0.13, 0.27)
NA
NA
1/24
0.72 (0.52, 0.87)
Strength
18/556
0.24 (0.16, 0.34)
0.77 (0.68)
NA
NA
NA
17/526
0.80 (0.75, 0.83)
4.2(0.12)
Both
17/852
0.22 (0.15, 0.31)
NA
NA
13/767
0.71 (0.64, 0.78)
Exercise intensity
Low
3/88
0.07 (0.01, 37)
NA
NA
NA
3/88
0.80 (0.69, 0.88)
Moderate
11/354
0.14 (0.08, 0.21)
8.6 (0.01)
*
NA
NA
7/225
0.72 (0.64, 0.80)
1.4(0.50)
High
25/1071
0.27 (0.21, 0.35)
NA
NA
NA
19/902
0.76 (0.69, 0.81)
Exercise supervision
Supervised
34/1280
0.21 (0.16, 0.27)
NA
NA
NA
22/972
0.76 (0.71, 0.80)
Unsupervised
8/244
0.32 (0.19, 0.48)
5.1 (0.08)
**
NA
NA
6/216
0.82 (0.59, 0.93)
1.7(0.42)
Both
9/331
0.15 (0.10, 0.23)
3/129
0.70 (0.59, 0.79)
Setting
Home
5/87
0.28 (0.20, 0.39)
NA
NA
4/79
0.83 (0.73, 0.90)
Facility
35/1350
0.20 (0.15, 0.26)
3.0 (0.22)
NA
NA
NA
23/104
0.76 (0.71, 0.80)
7.2 (0.02)
*
Both
7/271
0.15 (0.05, 36)
NA
NA
22/101
0.55 (0.35, 0.73)
Data reported as proportions; No. ES/P: number of effect sizes and participants nested within ESs; (95% CI): mean and 95% confidence interval; (): between-group difference () and alpha value (); NA: not applicable; *statistically significant at 0.05; **trend for statistical significance ( > 0.05 to 0.10).
