Research Article
Associations of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
Table 1
One-year characteristics of 266 postmenopausal women using or not using hormone therapy (HT).
| | Characteristics | All women () | HT status | | HT () | No HT () |
| | Age (years) | 56.7 ± 4.7 | 55.9 ± 4.4 | 57.5 ± 5.0a | | Height (cm) | 163.2 ± 6.5 | 163.3 ± 7.0 | 163.0 ± 6.1 | | Weight (kg) | 68.4 ± 11.8 | 68.2 ± 11.8 | 68.6 ± 11.7 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 3.9 | 25.5 ± 4.2 | 25.7 ± 3.7 | | Years HT | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 0.00c | | Years postmenopausal | 5.7 ± 3.0 | 4.9 ± 2.5 | 6.5 ± 3.1c | | Nutrient variables | | | | | Energy (kcals) | 1704 ± 361 | 1734 ± 372 | 1672 ± 349 | | Total fat (g) | 58 ± 21 | 60 ± 21 | 56 ± 20 | | Calcium from diet (mg) | 769 ± 258 | 785 ± 258 | 753 ± 258 | | Total calcium (mg) | 1524 ± 296 | 1552 ± 288 | 1497 ± 302 | | Iron from diet (mg) | 15 ± 5 | 14 ± 4 | 15 ± 5 | | Total iron (mg) | 17 ± 9 | 18 ± 11 | 16 ± 7 | | PUFA (g) | | | | | Total PUFA | 11.7 ± 4.4 | 12.11 ± 4.58 | 11.26 ± 4.25 | | Total n-6 fatty acid (n-6) | 10.4 ± 4.0 | 10.75 ± 4.12 | 9.96 ± 3.82 | | Linoleic acid, n-6 (LA) | 10.2 ± 4.0 | 10.60 ± 4.13 | 9.78 ± 3.84 | | Arachidonic acid, n-6 (AA) | 0.10 ± 0.1 | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.06 | | Total n-3 fatty acids (n-3) | 1.30 ± 0.5 | 1.29 ± 0.55 | 1.23 ± 0.50 | | -Linolenic acid, n-3, (ALA) | 1.10 ± 0.5 | 1.17 ± 0.53 | 1.11 ± 0.48 | | EPA | 0.05 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.06 | 0.05 ± 0.08 | | DHA | 0.11 ± 0.15 | 0.10 ± 0.12 | 0.12 ± 0.17 | | EPA + DHA | 0.16 ± 0.21 | 0.14 ± 0.17 | 0.18 ± 0.25 | | n-6 : n-3 | 8.45 ± 1.87 | 8.62 ± 1.98 | 8.27 ± 1.74 | | LA : ALA | 9.30 ± 2.20 | 9.47 ± 2.28 | 9.15 ± 2.04 | | Bone mineral density (g/cm2) | | | | | Femur neck | 0.878 ± 0.122 | 0.896 ± 0.123 | 0.858 ± 0.118b | | Ward’s triangle | 0.760 ± 0.142 | 0.778 ± 0.137 | 0.742 ± 0.146a | | Femur trochanter | 0.751 ± 0.113 | 0.767 ± 0.113 | 0.733 ± 0.112a | | Lumbar spine L2–L4 | 1.133 ± 0.160 | 1.164 ± 0.143 | 1.101 ± 0.171c | | Total body | 1.112 ± 0.084 | 1.129 ± 0.078 | 1.095 ± 0.086c |
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PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acid; ALA: -linolenic acid (18 : 3 n-3); total n-3: total omega-3; LA: linoleic acid (18 : 2 n-6); AA: arachidonic acid (20 : 4 n-6); total n-6: total omega-6; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5 n-3); and DHA: docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6 n-3).
, , and , between HT and no HT, independent sample -test.
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