Evaluation of Combined Financial Incentives and Deposit Contract Intervention for Smoking Cessation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of study participants.

Characteristic	Control ()	Any treatment ()	Treatment groups			value: control vs. any treatment
			Incentives only ()	Commitment ()	Precommitment ()
Female	0.62	0.58	0.62	0.57	0.53	0.11
Age	45.94 (10.66)	45.25 (10.98)	45.94 (10.66)	46.17 (11.62)	43.36 (11.03)	0.05
Married	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.20	0.10	0.08
Race or ethnic group (%)
Race: Black or African American	0.27	0.31	0.27	0.40	0.32	0.35
Race: White	0.50	0.45	0.50	0.48	0.34	0.94
Race: Other	0.22	0.24	0.22	0.12	0.34	0.39
Hispanic	0.26	0.27	0.26	0.14	0.37	0.16
Level of education (%)
High school or lower	0.72	0.69	0.72	0.61	0.71	0.52
Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree	0.15	0.20	0.15	0.29	0.24	0.20
Graduate degree	0.14	0.10	0.14	0.10	0.05	0.57
Household income (%)
$10,000 or under	0.56	0.54	0.56	0.50	0.53	0.41
$10,001 to $30,000	0.34	0.33	0.34	0.38	0.27	0.54
$30,001 to $50,000	0.03	0.06	0.03	0.12	0.08	0.79
$50,001 and above	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.00	0.12	0.39
Smoking behaviors
Smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.05	0.05	0.13
Quit attempts in the last year	2.00 (41.28)	2.00 (40.74)	2.00 (41.28)	1.00 (1.91)	1.00 (52.44)	0.79
Has quit 1 year or more since starting smoking	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.12	0.24	0.55
Fagerstrom score for nicotine dependence
Low dependence	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.10	0.08	0.49
Low to moderate dependence	0.23	0.25	0.23	0.26	0.27	0.56
Moderate dependence	0.36	0.35	0.36	0.31	0.34	0.18
High dependence	0.17	0.15	0.17	0.19	0.10	0.67

Note: values represent means (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Median reported due to outliers (4 participants responded 365).