Waterpipe Smoking among Bladder Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study of Lebanese and Jordanian Populations

Table 1

Smoking, social habits, and tumor characteristics of our Lebanese and Jordanian populations. WPS: waterpipe smoking.

Variable	Lebanon		Jordan		value
		%		%
Smoker					0.769
Yes	239	87.2	136	86.1
No	35	12.8	22	13.9
Smoking type					0.058
Cigarettes	193	80.8	112	83.0
WPS	24	10	7	5.2
Both	17	7.1	16	11.9
Other	5	2.1	0	0
Heavy vs. nonheavy					<0.001
Heavy	171	72	67	49.3
Nonheavy	67	28.0	69	50.7
Smoking status					0.127
Smokers	94	34.3	68	43.0
Ex-smokers	145	53.0	68	43.0
Nonsmokers	35	12.7	22	13.9
Pack year	47.6		31.5		<0.001
Secondhand smoking					<0.001
Yes	193	70.7	74	46.8
No	80	29.3	84	53.2
Alcohol					<0.001
Yes	93	34.1	20	12.7
No	180	65.9	138	87.3
Family history					0.045
Yes	21	7.7	22	13.9
No	253	92.3	136	86.1
Coffee					0.750
Yes	242	88.6	142	89.9
No	31	11.4	16	10.1
Occupational exposures (1≥)					0.004
Yes	94	34.3	76	48.1
No	180	65.7	82	51.9
Tumor invasion					<0.001
Yes	67	28.5	84	60
No	168	71.5	56	40
Missing
Tumor grade					0.684
High	141	55.3	33	53.2
Low	114	44.7	29	46.8
Missing			96

and % are from the patient population in each country. Fisher exact test.