Determining Optimal Cutoffs for Exhaled Carbon Monoxide and Salivary Cotinine to Identify Smokers among Korean Americans in a Smoking Cessation Clinical Trial
Table 1
Baseline demographics and smoking behavior variables ().
Variable (range)
Male ()
Female ()
valuea
/ (%)
/ (%)
Age (28~72)
ns
Marital status
0.028
Married
66 (86.8%)
7 (58.3%)
All others
10 (13.2%)
5 (41.7%)
Education level
ns
≤High school
19 (25.0%)
3 (25.0%)
Some years in college
9 (11.8%)
2 (16.7%)
4-year college degree
45 (59.2%)
5 (41.6%)
Graduate degree
3 (4.0%)
2 (16.7%)
Employment status
ns
Full-time employed
70 (92.1%)
9 (75.0%)
All others
6 (7.9%)
3 (25.0%)
Annual family income
ns
<$20,000
9 (11.9%)
1 (8.3%)
$20,000~$39,999
15 (19.7%)
2 (16.7%)
$40,000~$79,999
36 (47.4%)
8 (66.7%)
$80,000-$99,999
8 (10.5%)
0 (0.0%)
$100,000~
8 (10.5%)
1 (8.3%)
Availability of medical insurance
0.013
Yes
27 (35.5%)
9 (75.0%)
No
49 (64.5%)
3 (25.0%)
Years in the US (1~37)
ns
Age at smoking onset (14~38)
0.008
Average number of cigarettes smoked per day (10~35)
0.0004
Nicotine dependence (0~9)
ns
Other smokers in the household
0.003
Yes
16 (21.1%)
8 (66.7%)
No
60 (78.9%)
4 (33.3%)
Smoking in indoor house
ns
Yes
22 (28.9%)
6 (50.0%)
No
54 (71.1%)
6 (50.0%)
Smoking in indoor offices at work
ns
Yes
32 (42.1%)
3 (25.0%)
No
44 (57.9%)
9 (75.0%)
Any 24-hour abstinence in the past year
0.024
Yes
48 (63.2%)
3 (25.0%)
No
28 (36.8%)
9 (75.0%)
Baseline carbon monoxide level (6~59)
ns
a values by the Wilcoxon rank-sum or test. SD = standard deviation; n = number; ns = not significant.
