Preventing Long-Term Risk of Obesity for Two Generations: Prenatal Physical Activity Is Part of the Puzzle

Table 4

Summary of the effects of prenatal lifestyle intervention studies with regard to gestational weight gain, maternal weight retention, and infant birth weight.

Reference	Intervention	Gestational weight gain (GWG)		Maternal weight retention postpartum	Changes in infant birth weight/prevention of large and small infant at birth
Gray-Donald et al. [64]	Nutrition (recommendations); Physical activity (supervised); Advice to stay within GWG recommendations	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; NA	Mean weight retention at 6 weeks; unsuccessful	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful
Polley et al. [58]	Nutrition (newsletters); Physical activity (newsletters); Info about appropriate GWG	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; Partially successful (only in NW women)	Mean weight retention at 8  ±  7 weeks; unsuccessful	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful
Olson et al. [61]	Nutrition (newsletters); Physical activity (newsletters); Guidance about self-monitoring of GWG	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; Partially successful (only in low SES women)	Mean weight retention at 1 year; Partially successful (only in low SES OW women)	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful
Kinnunen et al. [63]	Nutrition (counseling); Physical activity (supervised); Guidance about self-monitoring of GWG	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; unsuccessful	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; NA	≥4,000 g; successful
Asbee et al. [55]	Nutrition (plan); Physical activity (recommendations); Information about GWG guidelines	Mean GWG; successful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; unsuccessful	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; NA
Mottola et al. [44]	Nutrition (plan); Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; successful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; successful	Mean weight retention at 8 weeks; successful	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful	<2,500 g; successful; 4,000–4,500 g; successful
Guelinckx et al. [65]	Nutrition (brochure/counseling); Physical activity (brochure/counseling); Tips to limit GWG	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; unsuccessful	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful	>4,000 g; unsuccessful
Phelan et al. [59]	Nutrition (recommendations); Physical activity (recommendations); Recommendations about appropriate GWG	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; Partially successful (only in NW women)	≤pre-pregnancy body weight at 6 months; successful	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful	<2,500 g; unsuccessful; >4,000 g; unsuccessful
Claesson et al. [56]	Nutrition (recommendations); Physical activity (supervised); Motivational interview	Mean GWG; successful	<7.0 kg (study goal); successful	Mean weight retention at 10–12 weeks; successful	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful
Shirazian et al. [57]	Nutrition (counseling); Physical activity (counseling); GWG goal	Mean GWG; successful	≤6.8 kg (study goal); unsuccessful	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful
Lindholm et al. [66]	Nutrition (counseling); Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG	≤6.0 kg (goal of study); unsuccessful	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; NA
Hui et al. [60]	Nutrition (counseling); Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 2009 IOM; successful	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful	LGA (not defined); unsuccessful
Vinter et al. [62]	Nutrition (counseling); Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; successful	Adherence to 2009 IOM; successful (P  =  0.058)	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful	>4,000 g; unsuccessful
Yeo [71]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 1990 IOM; unsuccessful	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; NA
Cavalcante et al. [70]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to IOM; NA	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful	<2,500 g; unsuccessful
Barakat et al. [69]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 2009 IOM; NA	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful	<2,500 g; unsuccessful; >4,000; unsuccessful
Barakat et al. [72]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; unsuccessful	Adherence to 2009 IOM; NA	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful
Haakstad and Bø [67]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; Partially successful; (only if attendance to 2 ex sessions/week)	Adherence to 2009 IOM; Partially successful; (only if attendance to 2 ex sessions/week)	Mean weight retention at 8–12 weeks; Partially successful; (only if attendance to 2 ex sessions/week)	Mean birth weight; NA
Nascimento et al. [68]	Physical activity (supervised)	Mean GWG; Partially successful; (in OW women)	Adherence to 2009 IOM; unsuccessful	Mean weight retention; NA	Mean birth weight; unsuccessful	SGA (not defined); unsuccessful; LGA; (not defined); unsuccessful

Abbreviations: IOM: Institute of Medicine; NA: non available: SES: socioeconomic status; NW: normal weight; OW: overweight.