Genetic Aspects of Preeclampsia and the HELLP Syndrome

Table 1

Gene types connected to preeclampsia and the HELLP syndrome-mode of actions.

Gene	Effect on preeclampsia or the HELLP syndrome	References
The STOX1 gene	A key player in trophoblast dysfunction underlying early-onset preeclampsia	[40]
Syncytin envelope gene	A reduced expression may disturb placental function and increase rate of apoptosis in cytotrophoblasts	[41]
MBL gene polymorphism	Excessive MBL-mediated trophoblast damage may cause insufficient EVT invasion of the spiral arteries. Maternal heterozygosity at codon 54 of the MBL B allele protects against preeclampsia and HELLP	[42]
Factor V Leiden mutation	Increase risk of preeclampsia and HELLP	[43, 44]
MTHFR C677T polymorphism	Involved in development of the HELLP syndrome.	[45]
G0210A mutation of factor II (prothrombin) gene	Involved in development of preeclampsia	[46, 47]
The VEGF TT-460 SNP genotype	Carriers had an increased risk of HELLP syndrome and could play a role in development of the HELLP syndrome	[48]
ACE I/I/D polymorphism	The renin-angiotensin system is a mediator of the EVT invasion and remodeling of the spiral arteries.; The ACE I/D polymorphism seemed to affect the uteroplacental and umbilical artery (UA) blood flows and the recurrence of preeclampsia	[49]
BclI polymorphism of the GR gene	The BclI polymorphism is associated with development of HELLP syndrome but not of severe preeclampsia	[50]
Polymorphism of EPHX gene	High activity genotype in exon 3, which could reflect differences in metabolic activation of endogenous or exogenous toxic compounds, may have enhanced susceptibility to preeclampsia	[51]
NFRSF6-670 polymorphism	Homozygous carriers with the -670 AG or GG genotype are more likely to develop the HELLP syndrome than those homozygous for the wild type of the Fas receptor (TNFRSF6-670A/A)	[52]
TLFR-4 gene	TLR-4 pathway and the innate immune system might be involved in development of both early-onset preeclampsia and the HELLP syndrome	[53]
Leptin gene (LEPR)	The LEPR gene and its serum level correlate with the leptin concentration in peripheral blood. The LEPR gene is transcribed in the villous and EVTs	[54]