Study Intervention delivery
Number of participants randomised
Number of participants analysed GWG in kg Significant difference Agreed BCT categories Intervention group Control group Diet based interventions Clapp 1997 [15 ] Not stated — 12 11.8 (5.6) 19.7 (2.9) —
Crowther et al. 2005 [16 ] Dietician 1000 1000 8.1 (0.3) 9.8 (0.4) Adjusted Feedback and monitoring,
Landon et al. 2009 [17 ] Clinician 958 931 2.8 (4.5) 5 (3.3) Feedback and monitoring
Ney et al. 1982 [18 ] Not stated 20 20 11.8 (4.5) 15.9 (6.8) —
Quinlivan et al. 2011 [19 ] Food technologist, clinical psychologist 132 124 7.0 (5.2) 13.8 (5.2) Goals and planning,
Thornton et al. 2009 [20 ] Dietician, physician 257 232 4.99 (6.79) 14.06 (7.40) Goals and planning,
Wolff et al. 2008 [21 ] Dietician 64 50 6.6 (5.5) 13.3 (7.5) Goals and planning, Bechtel-Blackwell 2002 [22 ] Research nurse 60 46 6.87 (NR) 5.57 (NR) NS —
Briley et al. 2002 [23 ] Nutritionist 27 20 11.9 (6.3) 15.2 (5.1) NS Goals and planning,
Khoury et al. 2005 [24 ] Dietician 290 290 8.9 (3.1) 9.4 (3.0) NS Goals and planning,
Rae et al. 2000 [25 ]
Research dietician 125 117 11.56 (10.48) 9.68 (10.66) NS —
Badrawi et al. 1992 [26 ] Not stated 100 — NR NR NR —
Gomez et al. 1994 [27 ] Not stated 60 NR NR NR — Physical activity based interventions
Sedaghati et al. 2007 [28 ] Qualified instructor and midwife 100 90 13.55 (1.131) 15.1 (2.102) Feedback and monitoring,
Baciuk et al. 2008 [29 ]30 ] Qualified instructor 71 70 14.3 (2.1) 15.1 (1.6) NS Feedback and monitoring,
Barakat et al. 2009 [31 ] Qualified fitness specialist 160 142 11.5 (3.7) 12.4 (3.4) NS (but some difference in obese only group) Feedback and monitoring,
Barakat et al. 2012 [32 ] Qualified instructor with obstetric assistance 100 83 12.5 (3.2) 13.8 (3.1) NS Feedback and monitoring,
Clapp et al. 2000 [33 ] Not stated 50 46 15.7 (4.7) 16.3 (3.4) NS — Erkkola 1976 [34 ] Not stated 76 62 11.8 (NR) 11 (NR) NS Feedback and monitoring,
Garshasbi and Faghih 2005 [35 ] Midwife 266 212 14.1 (3.8) 13.8 (5.2) NS Comparison of outcomes
Haakstad and Bo 2011 [36 ] Qualified instructor 105 105 13 (4) 13.8 (3.8) NS Goals and planning,
Hopkins et al. 2010 [37 ] Not stated 98 84 8.2 (3.5) 8 (3.7) NS Goals and planning,
Marquez-Sterling et al. 2000 [38 ] Qualified instructor 20 15 16.2 (3.4) 15.7 (4) NS Goals and planning,
Ong et al. 2009 [39 ] Supervised 12 12 3.7 (3.4) 5.2 (1.3) NS Shaping knowledge,
Prevedel et al. 2003 [40 ] Not stated 60 41 15 (NR) 12.7 (NR) NS Feedback and monitoring,
Santos et al. 2005 [41 ] Not stated 92 72 5.7 (NR) 6.3 (NR) NS Feedback and monitoring,
Bell and Palma 2000 [42 ] Not applicable 61 61 NR NR NR —
Erkkola and Makela 1976 [43 ] Not stated 103 103 NR NR NR Feedback and monitoring,
Khaledan et al. 2010 [44 ] Not stated 39 — NR NR NR Goals and planning,
Lee et al. 1996 [45 ] Qualified instructor 370 351 NR NR NR Feedback and monitoring,
Yeo et al. 2000 [46 ] Not stated 17 16 NR NR NR — Mixed interventions
Asbee et al. 2009 [47 ] Dietician, physician, nurse 144 100 13.02 (5.67) 16.15 (7.03) Goals and planning,
Huang et al. 2011 [48 ] Nurse trained in nutrition and fitness 240 189 14.02 (2.38) 16.22 (3.26) Goals and planning,
Jeffries et al. 2009 [49 ] Medical student 286 236 10.7 (4.21) 11.5 (4.03) Goals and planning,
Phelan et al. 2011 [50 ] Research assistants, nurses, clinicians 401 363 Normal weight 16.2 (4.6) obese 15.1 (7.5) Normal weight 15.3 (4.4) obese 14.7 (6.9) significant increase in normal weight women exceeding IOM guidelines Goals and planning,
Polley et al. 2002 [51 ] Nutritionist or clinical psychologist 120 110 Normal weight 15.4 (7.1) Normal weight 16.4 (4.8); significant increase in normal weight women exceeding IOM guidelines Goals and planning,
Vinter et al. 2011 [52 ] Dietician, physiotherapist 360 304 median range median range Goals and planning,
Guelinckx et al. 2010 [53 ] Nutritionist 195 122 Active group 9.8 (7.6) 10.6 (6.9) NS Goals and planning,
Hui et al. 2011 [54 ] Dietician and fitness trainer 52 45 14.2 (5.3) 14.2 (6.3) NS Goals and planning,
Hui et al. 2006 [55 ] Dietician and fitness trainer 224 190 15.2 (5.9) 14.1 (6.0) NS Goals and planning,
Jackson et al. 2011 [56 ] Video doctor simulating health care provider 321 289 15.15 (NR) 15.24 (NR) NS —
Bung et al. 1991 [57 ] Not stated 41 34 NR NR NR Goals and planning,
Ferrara et al. 2011 [58 ] Trained dietician, lactation consultant 197 197 NR NR NR Goals and planning,
Kulpa et al. 1987 [59 ] Nutritionist, exercise physiologist and obstetrician 141 85 Primigravida 14.3 (NR) Prigravida 14.2 (NR) NR Goals and planning
