Do Successive Preterm Births Increase the Risk of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms?

Table 3

Association between preterm birth and postpartum depressive symptoms.

Preterm birth	Postpartum depressive symptoms
	Crude RR (95% CI)	Adjusted RR
P+P−	1.33	1.14 (1.00–1.29)
P−P+
Moderate-to-late preterm birth in current delivery	1.28	1.19 (0.99–1.42)
Very preterm birth in current delivery	1.96	1.74
P+P+
Moderate-to-late preterm birth in current delivery	1.45	1.23 (1.00–1.52)
Very preterm birth in current delivery	2.02	1.55
P−P−	Ref.	Ref.

P+P−, preterm birth in penultimate delivery but no preterm birth in index delivery; P−P+, no preterm birth in penultimate delivery but preterm birth in index delivery; P+P+, preterm birth in both penultimate and index deliveries; P−P−, no preterm birth in both penultimate and index deliveries; RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; for maternal age, race/ethnicity, stressful live events in current pregnancy, intimate partner violence, pregnancy intention, and medical morbidity in pregnancy (gestational diabetes, prepregnancy diabetes, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy); value < 0.05.