Vitamin D Postpartum Concentrations: Relationship with Nutritional Condition and Morbidities during Pregnancy

Table 1

Characterization of women included in the study (n = 225).

Variable	Unit		%
General characteristics
Mother’s age	Years	25.6 ± 6.6
Father’s age	Years	28.9 ± 7.9
Skin type	White skin	47	20.9
	Dark skin	178	79.1
Mother’s employment	Housewife	55	24.4%
	Urban	127	56.4%
	Rural	43	19.1%
Mother’s schooling	< 4 full years	197	87.6%
	4 to 8 full years	13	5.8%
	> 8 years	15	6.7%
Per capita income	American dollars	44,00 ± 32,00
People living in the household	Number	4.6 ± 2.2
Gestational conditions
Number of pregnancies	Number	2.1 ± 1.6
Primiparous	Yes	108	48.0%
Prenatal care visits	Number	7.8 ± 2.1
Pregestational BMI	< 18,5 kg/m^2	19	8.5%
	18.5 to 25 kg/m^2	128	57.1%
	25 to 30 kg/m^2	49	21.9%
	> 30 kg/m^2	28	12.5%
Gestational weight gain	Adequate	83	36.9%
	Low	70	31.1%
	High	71	31.6%
Tobacco use	Yes	9	4.0%
Alcohol use	Yes	11	4.9%
Vitamin D supplement	Yes	5	2.2%
Folic acid	Yes	198	88.0%
Iron	Yes	204	90.7%
Regular sun protection	Yes	44	19.6%
Regular sun exposure	Yes	144	64.0%
	Hours/day	1.9 ± 1.0
Complications	Urinary infection	72	32%
	GSHD	20	8.9%
	GDM	2	0.9%
	Bleeding	17	7.6%
Delivery type	Vaginal	61	27.1%
	Surgical	164	72.9%
Gestational age	Weeks	39.1 ± 1.1
Laboratory tests
Vitamin D 25(OH)D	ng/mL	26.0 ± 6.8
	< 20 ng/mL	43	19.1%
	20 a 30 ng/mL	124	55.1%
	> 30 ng/dL	58	25.8%
Calcium	mg/dL	8.4 ± 0.9
Phosphorus	mg/dL	4.5 ± 0.8
Magnesium	mg/dL	1.8 ± 0.5
Alkaline phosphatase	U/L	152.0 ± 43.5

BMI: body mass index, GSHD: gestational-specific hypertensive disease, GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus.