Yersinia enterocolitica: Epidemiological Studies and Outbreaks

Table 1

Detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in natural samples with PCR and culture methods.

Sample	No. of samples	No. of culture^+vesamples^a (%)		No. of PCR^+vesamples (%)		References
Animal
Pig tonsils	185	48	(26)	58	(31)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa et al. [21]
	252	0		90	(36)	Boyapalle et al. [22]
	24	15	(63)	18	(75)	Nesbakken et al. [23]
	829	411	(50)	0		Martínez et al. [24]
	630	278	(44)	0		Martínez et al. [25]
	212	72	(34)	186	(88)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa et al. [26]
Pig faeces	255	0		80	(31)	Boyapalle et al. [22]
	24	3	(13)	3	(13)	Nesbakken et al. [23]
	2793	114	(4)	345	(12)	Bhaduri et al. [27]
	150	3	(2)	0		Okwori et al. [10]
Mesenteric l. n.	257	0		103	(40)	Boyapalle et al. [22]
	24	1	(4)	2	(8)	Nesbakken et al. [23]
Submaxillary l. n.	24	1	(4)	3	(13)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa et al. [20]
Sheep feces	200	2	(1)	0		Okwori et al. [10]
Dog feces	448	0		6	(1)	Wang et al. [28]
Food ^b
Pig tongues	15	7	(47)	10	(67)	Vishnubhatla et al. [29]
	99	79	(80)	82	(83)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa and Korkeala [11]
Pig offal^c	110	38	(35)	77	(70)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa et al. [20]
Chitterlings	350	8	(2)	278	(79)	Boyapalle et al. [22]
Ground pork	350	0		133	(38)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa et al. [20]
	100	32	(32)	47	(47)	Vishnubhatla et al. [29]
Ground beef	100	23	(23)	31	(31)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa et al. [20]
Minced pork	255	4	(2)	63	(25)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa and Korkeala [11]
Pork^d	300	6	(2)	50	(17)	Johannessen et al. [30]
	91	6	(7)	9	(10)	Lambertz & Danielsson-Tham [31]
	62	0		20	(32)	Grahek-Ogden et al. [32]
Chicken	43	0		0		Fredriksson-Ahomaa et al. [11]
Fish	150	0		0		Okwori et al. [10]
Heated soup	100	3	(3)			Okwori et al. [10]
Cow milk	250	3	(1)			Okwori et al. [10]
Lettuce	250	0		3	(3)	Okwori et al. [10]
Tofu	50	0		6	(12)	Vishnubhatla et al. [29]
Vegetables	27	1	(4)	4	(15)	Cocolin & Comi [33]
Salad	42	16	(38)	16	(38)	Sakai et al. [34]
Environment
Water	105	1	(1)	11	(10)	Sandery et al. [35]
Slaughterhouse/ Farm	89	5	(6)	12	(13)	Fredriksson-Ahomaa et al. [36]
	46	44	(96)	0		Martínez et al. [24]
	45	31	(61)	0		Martínez et al. [25]

^aPathogenicity of isolates confirmed, ^ball meat samples are raw, ^cliver, heart, kidney, ^dexcept pig offal & tongues, and ^+vepositive.