Human Papillomavirus Infection, Infertility, and Assisted Reproductive Outcomes

Table 1

Summary of literature pertaining to the effect of HPV on fertility.

Reference	Study type	Summary of findings
Effect on sperm parameters
[47]	Systematic review	No effect on volume, viscosity, count, and morphology
[50]	Original research	Enhanced motility; decreased velocity and amplitude of HPV-exposed sperm
[51]	Original research	Enhanced motility, progression, and velocity in HPV-exposed sperm
[52, 53]	Original research	Decreased sperm motility in HPV-infected men
[54]	Systematic review	HPV-related impairment in sperm motility in men with idiopathic infertility
[55]	Original research	Increase in DNA fragmentation
[56]	Original research	Semen pH is borderline lower in HPV-positive men
Effect on early embryogenesis
[62–64]	Original research	Increased DNA fragmentation and trophoblastic death in blastocysts
Effect on early pregnancy
[66–68]	Original research	HPV reduces the endometrial implantation of trophoblastic cells
[69, 70]	Original research	HPV DNA is more frequently detected in spontaneous miscarriages compared to voluntary abortions
[71, 72]	Original research	HPV infection in pregnancy may not confer a higher risk of miscarriage