Protein Based Nanostructures for Drug Delivery

Table 1

Comparison between Synthetic and Protein Nanoparticles.

S. number	Parameters	Synthetic Nanoparticles	Protein Nanoparticles	Ref. number
	Definition	These are colloidal polymeric particles with a therapeutic agent either dispersed in the polymeric matrix or get encapsulated in the polymer.	These are kinds of natural molecules showing unique functionalities and properties in biological materials.	[4]
	Size	10–100 nm	1–100 nm	[8, 9]
	Polymers	Poly lactide (PLA); Poly lactide-co- glycolide (PLGA); Poly epsilon-caprolactone (PCL); Poly; Isobutylecyanoacrylate(PIBCA); Poly acrylate (Eudragit)	Albumin; Gelatin; Gliadin; Legumin; Elastin; Soybean; Zein; Milk protein	[10]
	Formulation Technique	(i) Emulsification-solvent Diffusion; (ii) Nanoprecipitation; (iii) Emulsion evaporation; (iv) Polymerization method; (v) Double emulsion; (vi) Salting out method	(I) Emulsification method; (II) Desolvation method; (III) Complex coacervation method; (IV) Electro-spray method	[11]
	Merits	(i) It will help to minimize the toxicity of drug towards specific site of delivery.; (ii) It provides reduction in fluctuations in therapeutic ranges by improving the bioavailability.; (iii) Improves the stability of the drug.; (iv) Reduce dosing frequency.; (v) Smaller particle size reduce potent irritant at site.	(i) Proteins are able to show better action at minimum dose.; (ii) It will also helps to decrease the drug resistance in the body.; (iii) The rate of dissolution and surface area embedded in nanoparticles can also be enhanced.; (iv) There will be less chemical reaction occurs.	[12, 13]
	Demerits	(i) Clustering of nanoparticle into bigger arrangement may lead to change in morphology of the drug.; (ii) Rupturing of small particles in bulk can occur.; (iii) Once enter into the body can be forbidden by any action or adverse effects.	(i) There will be difficulty in controlling its molecular size.; (ii) The ability to adjust the dose will be reduced.; (iii) Due to lack of biological behavior unable to identify the nature of nanoparticles.; (iv) Nanoparticles posses high energies due to their size.	[14]
	Applications	(i) For tumor targeting a concentrated dose of drug will be given which will lead to enhance permeability and retention effect.; (ii) Provide better permeability towards blood brain barrier with specific receptor –mediated transport system. For ex- poly (butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles was able to deliver hexapeptide, doxorubicin into the brain.; (iii) Nanoparticles loaded with plasmid DNA will also serve efficient gene delivery.	(i) Protein nanoparticles provide a new option for the oral intake of peptides via nanostructure drug delivery. For instance, Insulin loaded nanoparticles can preserve the insulin activity and produce blood glucose reduction.; (ii) Nasal route offers an advantage by enhancing the surface area and lower enzymatic activity relative to GIT.; (iii) In case of antibiotics protein nanoparticles show significant results via decreasing the toxicity after protein binding.; (iv) For ocular therapy it exhibits the longer half life by prolonging the intraocular pressure.	[15, 16]