Excretory-Secretory Products from Hookworm L₃ and Adult Worms Suppress Proinflammatory Cytokines in Infected Individuals

Table 2

Cytokine concentrations (pg/mL) in supernatants of PBMC cultures cocultured with living L₃ from Ancylostoma caninum. Cells were either separated from the L₃ by a membrane insert (cells/L₃) or were cultivated in direct contact with the parasites (cells+L₃). Values from hookworm-infected individuals (𝑛=7) and negative controls (𝑛=6) are compared and indicated as mean values ± standard errors. Significant differences between patient groups are indicated with an asterisk (^∗𝑃<.01;   ^∗∗𝑃<.05).

	Group	Control	Cells/L3	Cells+L3
IL-1𝛽	Hookworm	1,034±239^∗	833±149	1,161±218
	Negative controls	27±27^∗	424±134	1,470±494
IL-6	Hookworm	52,382±14,323	8,703±2,258^∗	12,124±2,548^∗
	Negative controls	18,452±4,400	62,750±18,488^∗	59,185±15,443^∗
TNF-𝛼	Hookworm	3,630±2,621^∗∗	351±110^∗	404±94^∗
	Negative controls	306±114^∗∗	1,784±362^∗	2,163±221^∗
IL-10	Hookworm	63±26	86±48	37±26
	Negative controls	0	18±16	92±31