Cytokine and Chemokine Profile in Individuals with Different Degrees of Periportal Fibrosis due to Schistosoma mansoni Infection

Table 2

Levels of cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of studied individuals.

Cytocines (pg/mL)	Without fibrosis	Incipient fibrosis	Moderate to severe	𝑃
median (min–max)	(𝑛=30)	(𝑛=25)	Fibrosis (𝑛=17)
IL-5
Without antigen	31.2 (31.2–112.2)	31.2 (31.2–75.5)	31.2 (31.2–127.8)	ns
SWAP	374.4 (31.2–5153.0)	524 (31.2–5905.0)	1988.0 (31.2–5135.0)	ns
SEA	36.8 (31.2–3820.0)	188.4 (31.2–4232.0)	310.9 (31.2–4256.0)	0.0418 ^a
IL-13
Without antigen	112.4 (93.8–186.8)	93.8 (93.8–166.0)	93.8 (93.8–93.8)	ns
SWAP	246.6 (93.8–1518.0)	190.3 (93.8 –1290.0)	213.7 (93.8–2091.0)	ns
SEA	171.2 (93.8–1497.0)	93.8 (93.8–1442.0)	93.8 (93.8–1857.0)	ns
IL-17
Without antigen	15.6 (15.6–132.9)	15.6 (15.6–84.1)	15.6 (15.6–90.7)	ns
SWAP	21.4 (15.6–790.5)	57.1 (15.6–974.8)	21.4 (15.6–345.2)	ns
SEA	18.9 (15.6–291.1)	15.6 (15.6–615.3)	27.2 (15.6–557.5)	ns
IFN-γ
Without antigen	31.2 (31.2–276.2)	31.9 (31.2–1788.0)	31.2 (31.2–777.7)	ns
SWAP	73.1 (31.2–3038.0)	1205.0 (31.2–5507.0)	215.8 (31.2–5249.0)	ns
SEA	83.1 (31.2–288.0)	203.8 (31.2–2905.0)	130.1 (31.2–2714.0)	ns
TNF-α
Without antigen	61.9 (31.2–633.3)	346.6 (31.2–2421.0)	488.7 (31.2–3229.0)	0.0182 ^a
SWAP	756.1 (80.6–3366.0)	1446.0 (236.4–3057.0)	1002.0 (35.7–2351.0)	0.0319 ^b
SEA	389.8 (102.7–2521.0)	827.3 (31.2–3551.0)	927.3 (89.1–2517.0)	ns
IL-10
Without antigen	15.6 (15.6–705.5)	48.6 (15.6–1486.0)	17.5 (15.6–1262.0)	ns
SWAP	393.8 (22.1–1976.0)	399.6 (15.6–1779.0)	318.1 (15.6–1213.0)	ns
SEA	585.7 (175.7–2075.0)	1342.0 (15.6–2472.0)	745.8 (35.5–1543.0)	ns

*Kruskal-Wallis; ^awithout fibrosis versus moderate to severe fibrosis; ^bwithout fibrosis versus incipient fibrosis; ns: not significant (𝑃>0.05).
SWAP: soluble worm antigen preparation of adult Schistosoma mansoni; SEA: Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen.