ETosis: A Microbicidal Mechanism beyond Cell Death

Table 1

Microorganisms or molecules able to trigger extracellular traps release.

Activators	Cells	Reference
Activated endothelial cell	Neutrophil	[6]
Antiribonucleoprotein IgG	SLE Neutrophil	[7]
Aspergillus fumigatus (conidia or hyphae)	Neutrophil	[8, 9]
Autoantibodies (anti-LL-37/anti-HNP)	SLE Neutrophil	[10]
Calcium	HL-60 lineage, neutrophil	[11, 12]
Candida albicans (hyphae or yeast)	Neutrophil	[13]
Cryptococcus gattii	Neutrophil	[14]
Cryptococcus neoformans	Neutrophil	[15]
Eimeria bovis	Neutrophil	[16]
Enterococcus faecalis	Neutrophils	[17]
Equine spermatozoa	Neutrophil	[18]
Escherichia coli	Neutrophil, monocyte	[17, 19–21]
Glucose oxidase	Neutrophil	[22]
GM-CSF + C5a	Neutrophil	[23, 24]
GM-CSF + LPS	Neutrophil	[24]
Haemophilus influenzae	Neutrophil	[25, 26]
Helicobacter pylori	Neutrophil	[27]
Hydrogen peroxide	Neutrophil, mast cell, chicken heterophil	[22, 28, 29]
Interferon (IFN)-α+ C5a	Neutrophil	[23]
IFN-γ + C5a	Neutrophil, eosinophil	[23, 30]
IFN-γ + C5a, LPS or eotaxin	Eosinophil	[30]
Interleukin 5 + LPS/C5a/eotaxin	Eosinophil	[30]
Interleukin 8	Neutrophil	[1, 31]
Interleukin 23 and IL-1β	Mast cells	[32]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Neutrophil (tissue)	[33]
Lactococcus lactis	Neutrophil	[34]
Leishmania amazonensis (promastigotes/amastigotes/lipophosphoglycan)	Neutrophil	[35]
Leishmania amazonensis, L. donovani, L. major, L. chagasi (promastigotes)	Neutrophil	[35–37]
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)	Neutrophil	[1]
Listeria monocytogenes	Neutrophil	[20, 38]
Mannheimia haemolytica and leukotoxin	Neutrophil	[39]
M1 protein/M1 protein-fibrinogen complex	Neutrophil, mast cell	[40, 41]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. canettii	Neutrophil	[42]
Nitric oxide	Neutrophil	[43, 44]
Panton-Valentine leukocidin, autolysin, and lipase	Neutrophil	[45]
Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)	Neutrophil, mast cell, chicken heterophil	[1, 12, 28, 29]
PMA + ionomycin	Neutrophil	[17]
Platelet-activating factor	Neutrophil	[27]
Platelet TLR-4	Neutrophil	[46]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Mast cell	[28]
Serratia marcescens	Neutrophil	[17]
Shigella flexneri	Neutrophil (tissue)	[1]
Staphylococcus aureus	Neutrophil, mast cell	[22, 28, 45]
Statins	Neutrophil, monocytes/macrophages	[47]
Streptococcus (Group A–GAS)/Pilus	Neutrophil, mast cell	[34, 40, 48]
Streptococcus dysgalactiae	Neutrophil	[17]
Streptococcus pneumoniae	Neutrophil (tissue)	[49]
Streptococcus pyogenes	Mast cell	[28]
Syncytiotrophoblast microparticles	Neutrophil	[31]
TNF-α	HL-60 lineage	[11]
TNF-α + ANCA IgG	Neutrophil	[50]
Yeast particulate B-glucan	Neutrophil	[51]
Yersinia enterocolitica	Neutrophil	[52]
δ-Toxin from Staphylococcus epidermidis	Neutrophil	[53]