Research Article

Bayesian Approach to Zero-Inflated Bivariate Ordered Probit Regression Model, with an Application to Tobacco Use

Table 5

Posterior mean, standard deviation, and 95% credible intervals of marginal effects of covariates on probability of smoking and chewing tobacco (ZIBOP model).

VariableProbability MeanSt. dev.2.50%Median97.50%

AgeNonparticipation−0.02590.0129−0.0556−0.0236−0.0078
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.04630.01020.02940.04530.0687
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 0.02040.00590.00780.02130.0304
𝑦 1 = 1 0.00580.00350.00090.00530.0138
𝑦 1 = 2 −0.00140.0029−0.0057−0.00190.0055
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.06900.0235−0.1223−0.0658−0.0344
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.04030.01160.01950.03860.0675
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.01450.00640.00180.01490.0264
𝑦 2 = 1 −0.00340.0021−0.0071−0.00350.0008
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.00190.0014−0.0043−0.00200.0011
EducationNonparticipation−0.28230.0768−0.4260−0.2837−0.1252
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.24470.07490.09170.24590.3851
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 −0.03770.0241−0.0853−0.03740.0094
𝑦 1 = 1 0.04980.01410.02310.04940.0789
𝑦 1 = 2 0.02410.01020.00450.02390.0444
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.55570.1536−0.8415−0.5588−0.2417
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.31360.07720.15610.31590.4546
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.03130.0161−0.00090.03150.0618
𝑦 2 = 1 −0.01340.0080−0.0288−0.01350.0027
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.02220.0119−0.0455−0.02210.0009
IncomeNonparticipation−0.00040.0015−0.0038−0.00020.0022
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.00030.0014−0.00220.00020.0035
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 −0.00010.0004−0.0009−0.00010.0008
𝑦 1 = 1 0.00010.0003−0.00050.00000.0008
𝑦 1 = 2 0.00000.0002−0.00030.00000.0004
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.00070.0030−0.0075−0.00040.0044
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.00010.0016−0.00250.00000.0036
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 −0.00020.0005−0.0011−0.00020.0007
𝑦 2 = 1 0.00010.0002−0.00030.00010.0004
𝑦 2 = 2 0.00010.0001−0.00020.00010.0003
MaleNonparticipation−0.02540.0599−0.1268−0.03050.1012
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 −0.35950.0611−0.4900−0.3540−0.2565
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 −0.38490.0116−0.4078−0.3849−0.3618
𝑦 1 = 1 0.06300.00400.05550.06300.0711
𝑦 1 = 2 0.15600.00650.14350.15590.1689
𝑦 1 = 3 0.16590.00830.15030.16570.1829
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.10120.0623−0.03090.10640.2075
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.07580.01260.05110.07590.1004
𝑦 2 = 1 0.05010.00330.04380.05000.0567
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.12580.0112−0.1478−0.1258−0.1040
MarriedNonparticipation−0.06800.0777−0.2274−0.04330.0346
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.02000.0705−0.0778−0.00010.1692
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 −0.04800.0149−0.0796−0.0472−0.0207
𝑦 1 = 1 0.00560.00350.00060.00470.0132
𝑦 1 = 2 0.01610.00610.00600.01540.0296
𝑦 1 = 3 0.02630.00730.01160.02640.0406
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.07090.0791−0.03710.04740.2349
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.00280.0119−0.02000.00260.0269
𝑦 2 = 1 0.06280.00320.05660.06270.0693
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.06560.0115−0.0888−0.0654−0.0434
MuslimNonparticipation0.03930.0243−0.00500.03840.0900
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 −0.02390.0247−0.0752−0.02310.0216
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 0.01540.0090−0.00160.01530.0334
𝑦 1 = 1 −0.00230.0011−0.0044−0.0022−0.0002
𝑦 1 = 2 −0.00530.0027−0.0106−0.0053−0.0001
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.00780.0060−0.0200−0.00770.0036
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 −0.02600.0258−0.0797−0.02530.0222
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.01330.0092−0.00460.01330.0315
𝑦 2 = 1 0.06130.00300.05540.06130.0674
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.07460.0091−0.0926−0.0746−0.0569
Father useNonparticipation0.01220.0187−0.02510.01240.0487
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 −0.01020.0158−0.0411−0.01040.0214
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 0.00200.0030−0.00400.00190.0082
𝑦 1 = 1 −0.00050.0008−0.0022−0.00050.0011
𝑦 1 = 2 −0.00090.0014−0.0037−0.00090.0018
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.00050.0008−0.0023−0.00050.0011
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 −0.01160.0179−0.0464−0.01180.0240
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.00060.0011−0.00120.00030.0033
𝑦 2 = 1 −0.00030.0006−0.0019−0.00020.0007
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.00020.0005−0.0014−0.00010.0005
Mother useNonparticipation0.01290.0257−0.03430.01230.0634
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 −0.01060.0215−0.0527−0.01030.0298
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 0.00240.0043−0.00470.00200.0115
𝑦 1 = 1 −0.00060.0012−0.0031−0.00060.0014
𝑦 1 = 2 −0.00110.0019−0.0051−0.00090.0022
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.00070.0012−0.0033−0.00050.0012
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 −0.01190.0242−0.0587−0.01180.0338
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.00100.0016−0.00070.00040.0053
𝑦 2 = 1 −0.00060.0009−0.0030−0.00020.0005
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.00040.0007−0.0023−0.00010.0002
RegionNonparticipation−0.04800.0240−0.0963−0.0470−0.0040
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.04120.0237−0.00390.04060.0889
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 −0.00680.0079−0.0222−0.00680.0086
𝑦 1 = 1 0.00210.00110.00010.00210.0046
𝑦 1 = 2 0.00330.0025−0.00160.00330.0083
𝑦 1 = 3 0.00130.0052−0.00870.00140.0114
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 −0.02060.0252−0.0672−0.02170.0301
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 −0.06860.0078−0.0840−0.0686−0.0533
𝑦 2 = 1 0.07560.00380.06820.07550.0832
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.00700.0070−0.0207−0.00700.0072
UrbanNonparticipation−0.00620.0261−0.0595−0.00540.0428
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.02170.0258−0.02710.02110.0733
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 0.01550.0088−0.00180.01550.0324
𝑦 1 = 1 −0.00070.0012−0.0029−0.00080.0017
𝑦 1 = 2 −0.00420.0028−0.0096−0.00420.0014
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.01060.0056−0.0215−0.01060.0006
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.01810.0275−0.03370.01780.0739
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.01190.0090−0.00620.01200.0295
𝑦 2 = 1 0.05970.00360.05280.05970.0668
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.07160.0075−0.0864−0.0717−0.0566
AgriserviceNonparticipation−0.19890.0521−0.3092−0.1960−0.1062
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.21020.05060.12020.20750.3161
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 0.01130.0098−0.00840.01150.0297
𝑦 1 = 1 0.00580.00180.00260.00570.0097
𝑦 1 = 2 0.00230.0033−0.00390.00210.0092
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.01940.0060−0.0311−0.0194−0.0077
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.18380.05300.08710.18110.2940
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 −0.01510.0126−0.0400−0.01500.0091
𝑦 2 = 1 0.06800.00490.05880.06780.0782
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.05290.0096−0.0716−0.0530−0.0338
Self-employedNonparticipation−0.12870.0693−0.2542−0.1191−0.0122
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.15900.06860.04310.15080.2845
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 0.03030.0166−0.00340.03050.0627
𝑦 1 = 1 0.00050.0025−0.00420.00050.0058
𝑦 1 = 2 −0.00750.0060−0.0192−0.00750.0043
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.02330.0089−0.0398−0.0237−0.0046
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.10340.0704−0.01790.09410.2327
All zeros, y2=0−0.02540.0147−0.0546−0.02510.0035
𝑦 2 = 1 0.06840.00470.05940.06810.0781
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.04300.0118−0.0660−0.0431−0.0195
StudentNonparticipation0.03050.0357−0.03120.02700.1076
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 1 0.05480.0434−0.03530.05640.1354
All zeros, 𝑦 1 = 0 0.08520.02060.04370.08550.1247
𝑦 1 = 1 −0.00900.0027−0.0149−0.0089−0.0041
𝑦 1 = 2 −0.02950.0079−0.0455−0.0294−0.0143
𝑦 1 = 3 −0.04680.0106−0.0657−0.0475−0.0244
Zero-consumption, 𝑦 2 0.02840.0448−0.06860.03130.1073
All zeros, 𝑦 2 = 0 0.05880.02390.00650.06100.0995
𝑦 2 = 1 0.03900.01020.02070.03830.0604
𝑦 2 = 2 −0.09790.0142−0.1211−0.0994−0.0659