Research Article

Stroke Rehabilitation in Frail Elderly with the Robotic Training Device ACRE: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Cost-Effectiveness Study

Table 1

Patient characteristics at baseline.

VariableACRE training groupControl group
nmean (SD) or %nmean (SD) or %

Demographics
Age (years)1073.4 (8.0)1476.5 (8.3)
Sex (female (%))1030.01435.7
Right handed (%)1080.014100.0
Barthel Indexa98.7 (4.4)138.9 (6.0)

Characteristics of the stroke
First stroke (%)1070.01478.6
Ischemic cerebral vascular accident(%)10100.01492.9

Consequences of the stroke
Affected part of the brain1014
 Right hemisphere (%)70.064.3
 Left hemisphere (%)30.035.7
Stroke-affected dominant arm (%)1030.01435.7
Legs affected1014
 Left leg affected (%)70.057.1
 Right leg affected (%)30.035.7
 Legs not affected (%)0.07.1
Swallow disorder (%)1030.01464.3
Phatic disorder (%)1020.01435.7
Neglect (%)1020.0147.1
Apraxia (%)100.01428.6
Planning (%)1030.01428.6
Attention (%)1030.01421.4
Other neurological disorder (%)1057.21450.0

Motor function b
ARAT total score 19 items [0–57]1031.2 (27.0)1415.9 (14.6)
ARAT total score 15 items [0–45]1025.3 (21.6)1414.9 (13.3)
Fugl-Meyer total score [0–66]1040.7 (21.4)1437.2 (19.4)

Stroke impact score (SIS) b
Strength [4–20]911.0 (3.5)1311.5 (2.8)
Memory and thinking [7–35]929.9 (6.7)1328.7 (3.4)
Emotion [9–45]937.5 (5.5)1335.8 (5.8)
Communication [7–35]932.7 (4.5)1331.1 (4.6)
Daily Activities (ADL) [10–50]928.7 (7.2)1327.4 (8.3)
Mobility [9–45]917.1 (4.1)1323.2 (10.2)
Hand function [5–45]98.3 (2.9)137.5 (3.5)
Participation [8–40]932.2 (6.2)1328.4 (7.5)
Stoke recovery [0–100]948.3 (26.5)1343.4 (27.7)

Quality of Life b
EQ-5D [−0.33–1]9 0.57 (0.25)130.67 (0.19)
General health status [0–100]959.6 (29.9)1361.9 (20.5)

Depression b
Geriatric Depression Scale total score [0–15]83.8 (2.6)133.3 (2.5)

Note. None of the differences between groups were statistically significant ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 5 ).
aBarthel Index is a standard assessment of the impact of an impairment on daily functioning (ADL).
bThese assessments were part of the measurements of the effect study. Range is given between square brackets: [ ] .